Main features of titanium rod and titanium alloy material processing

Titanium rods and titanium alloys have high chemical activity. Titanium rods and titanium alloys easily react violently with oxygen, nitrogen and other oxygen-containing gases at high temperatures. When heated in air, the surface of the blank forms an oxide scale and a surface getter layer. Titanium rods and titanium alloys are easy to absorb hydrogen when heated, which causes difficulties in the processing of certain types of titanium alloy materials.

Titanium rods and titanium alloys have poor thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of titanium rods and titanium alloys is usually only 1/15 of that of alloys and 1/5 of that of steel. The lower thermal conductivity results in a large temperature difference between the ingot and billet section in the hot B inch, which produces a large thermal response, and cracks will form in severe cases. Therefore, the heating speed must be limited, and the temperature change, deformation speed, Deformation rate, deformation equipment.

Polycrystalline transformation of titanium rods and titanium alloys. Titanium has a-β phase transition. Heating top temperature can significantly increase plasticity and reduce deformation resistance, but the deformation of the β zone is not good enough to obtain a structure with good performance.

The cold deformability of titanium alloy is low. Cold working deformation of most titanium alloys is difficult. A little preheating (to 200~300T) can significantly reduce the deformation resistance and improve plasticity.

Titanium is easy to bond and deform tools. This tendency tends to deteriorate the surface quality of the processed material and puts forward more stringent requirements on the deformed tools and molds and process lubrication.

High yield ratio and low elastic modulus. Straightening in a cold state is very difficult.
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The titanium tube is heat-treated to remove residues

When the hydrogen content in the titanium tube is too much, the impact toughness and notched tensile strength will drop sharply due to brittleness. Therefore, it is generally stipulated that the hydrogen content in the titanium tube should not exceed 0.015%. In order to reduce the amount of hydrogen absorption, fingerprints, rolling mill marks, grease and other residues should be removed before heat treatment. There is no moisture in the atmosphere of the heat treatment furnace. If the hydrogen content of the titanium tube exceeds the allowable value, it must be removed by vacuum annealing. Vacuum annealing for dehydrogenation is generally held at 538-760°C and pressure lower than 0.066Pa for 2-4 hours.

When the temperature does not exceed 540°C, the oxide film on the surface of the titanium tube will not be significantly thickened. At higher heat treatment temperatures (above 760°C), the oxidation rate will increase rapidly, and oxygen can expand into the material to form a diffusion layer— Pollution layer. The high brittleness ratio of the oxygen contamination layer causes cracks and damage on the surface of the part. There are mechanical processing methods (such as sandblasting, house cutting, etc.) or chemical methods such as pickling and chemical milling to remove the oxygen pollution layer. During the heat treatment, the heating time should be as short as possible while ensuring the heat treatment of the meteorite. It is carried out in a vacuum furnace or an inert gas (argon, nitrogen, etc.) heating furnace. The appropriate application can also avoid or reduce the pollution caused by the titanium tube parts being heated in the air furnace.

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Application of titanium alloy forgings such as titanium ring and titanium cake in aviation manufacturing

In the chemical industry and other application fields, high requirements are placed on semi-finished products and processed parts of titanium or titanium alloys. Therefore, in the fields of aviation and aerospace, the cost of developing inspection instruments and monitoring devices is particularly high. The price of the parts has a big impact. Titanium alloy has the highest tensile plasticity and can be welded in various ways. It can be used for a long time at a temperature of up to 250 degrees Celsius. It is mainly used to make various structural parts of aircraft and engines that are not stressed. Industrial pure titanium has good plasticity, can form various sheet metal stamping parts in a cold state, and has relatively high corrosion resistance. Ti5Al2.5Sn titanium alloy has a moderate room temperature tensile strength (800 degrees Celsius 1000MPa and good welding performance. Compared with industrial pure titanium, the new titanium alloy mainly includes various levels of industrial pure titanium and widely used Ti5Al2.5Sn For titanium alloys, the room temperature tensile strength of industrial pure titanium fluctuates within the range of 350 degrees Celsius and 700 MPa. Ti5Al2.5Sn alloy has slightly lower plasticity and higher thermal strength, and the long-term working temperature can reach 450 degrees Celsius.

With the rapid development of cutting-edge science and technology such as aviation, aerospace, and nuclear energy, the requirements for materials are becoming more and more stringent. Not only are the materials used for manufacturing these equipment parts to be corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant, and anti-fretting, but also require high resistance. temperature. It is necessary to pay attention to the long-term test, in many places, before the large-scale application of titanium to the chemical industry. Under the test conditions, cooperate to test its service life and material structure. If the lack of safety (immature) due to the use of conventional structural data is mostly indicated and the economic benefits are not great, then the first step is to gradually develop titanium and titanium alloys, and in recent decades, the development of high-level technology in the field of structural data Various other mature new materials. Therefore, the military sector has developed faster in the application field of titanium and its alloys than in the civilian field.

In many industrial media, rare earth metals and precious metals are mainly used for stability, or materials such as stainless steel can only reach a certain limit in corrosion resistance. Most application fields use titanium to obtain benefits due to its low density, corrosion resistance and high strength. So far. Moreover, the consumption cost is relatively high, so the application of titanium or titanium alloy can obtain relatively high corrosion resistance strength. The creep characteristics of hard titanium at temperatures exceeding 150T surpass that of aluminum and its alloys. Considering that compared with other materials, titanium alloys have the advantages of unique creep characteristics under the condition of low density. It is found that hard titanium is used in aircraft manufacturing and missile manufacturing. The importance of the application. The earliest application of titanium and titanium alloys is the aviation industry. Recently, the aviation industry has become increasingly urgent for high-strength and low-density materials, which has greatly promoted the development of titanium manufacturing. At present, titanium alloys are widely used as structural materials in many high-speed aircraft in the world.
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Difficulties in grinding and polishing titanium alloys

The preparation of metallographic samples of titanium and titanium alloys is more difficult than that of steel. The polishing and polishing efficiency is low. Excessive cutting and polishing will produce deformation twins in the α phase. After the deformation twins are generated, the microstructure of titanium The analysis will be disturbed.

Pure titanium is more suitable for cold mounting than hot pressure mounting, which may change the content and distribution of hydrogen in pure titanium. It is very difficult for pure titanium to remove scratches and plastic rheology during sample preparation.
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How to improve the yield rate of mechanical equipment titanium plate?

During the production and processing of titanium plates, many processes are involved, and each link is very important, which affects the quality and appearance of the titanium plates. If you are not careful, it will deviate from the ideal product specifications. So, what are the countermeasures?

Compared with other pipe materials, mechanical equipment titanium plate has a higher resistance to internal force and external pressure, better corrosion resistance and wear resistance. At the same time, it has the advantages of convenient construction, good interface sealing performance, and large operating safety factor. In recent years, there has been a rapid development momentum in the cast titanium material market. So how to improve the yield rate of mechanical equipment titanium plate?

In the production of this material, three quality problems, cracks, heavy leather, and slag inclusion, are more likely to occur. Cracks occur with the centrifugal pouring process, and the pouring criteria are unreasonable; heavy skin is related to pouring temperature and pouring speed; slag inclusion is related to metal chemical element content and slag removal.

The avoidance and control methods are 1. Improve the centrifugal equipment to effectively avoid cracks. Reduce the residence time of the titanium solution at high temperature, and strengthen the inoculation, especially the inoculation with the flow. The amount of inoculant used to control the flow is 0.1-0.25% of the amount of titanium liquid; to ensure that the pipe mold powder is evenly distributed, the amount of control inside and outside of the pipe mold is 20-30g/m2. Control the technical parameters of the water-cooled metal centrifuge.

2. Optimize technical parameters to reduce the weight of the tube body. Reasonably control the pouring temperature and the temperature of the cooling water inlet and outlet of the fuselage to shorten the interval between two castings. The temperature of the cooling water inlet of the control fuselage is 28-36℃, and the temperature of the outlet is 50-57℃. In the water-cooled metal centrifugal casting technology, avoid excessively high casting speed, adjust the suitable turning speed and host speed; ensure that the depth of the pipe mold is 0.25-0.3mm, the diameter is 4-5mm, point and point The marginal distance is 0.5-0.7mm.

3. Control the participation of materials to reduce the disadvantages of slag inclusion. In order to reduce the sulfur content in the titanium solution and reduce the occurrence of sulfides, W(S)<0.02% should be controlled; appropriately increasing the casting temperature is conducive to the floating of slag inclusions; the rare earth content in the nodulizer is not easy to be too high, and the rare earth content It is advisable to control 1-2%; strengthen the slag removal and slag blocking effect of the titanium liquid; the residual magnesium flow in the titanium liquid is not easy to be too high (control at 0.035-0.045%) to reduce the surface oxidation of the titanium liquid.

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Analysis of forging process of titanium alloy GR5 material

Titanium and titanium alloys have been favored by all walks of life this year due to their high strength, corrosion resistance, high specific strength, wear resistance, high-temperature resistance, low-temperature resistance, no magnetism, biophilicity, and rich resources.

And gradually in the oil drill pipe, oil exploration, oil drilling platform, vacuum coating, mining equipment, coal chemical equipment, pressure equipment accessories, high-temperature equipment accessories, deep-sea exploration equipment accessories, wear-resistant equipment accessories, corrosion-resistant equipment accessories, gas Drilling equipment, sports equipment, automobiles, motorcycles, computers, mobile phones, and other fields of high-pressure resistance, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance have been widely used and promoted.

The cleaning technology of titanium alloy forgings has two aspects: one is the removal of oxide scale; the other is the removal of α shell layer. The rust can be removed by mechanical methods, such as sandblasting; or chemical methods, such as molten salt removal. The choice of rust removal method depends on the size, complexity and cost of the part.

Sandblasting is an effective method to remove scales. It can remove scales with a thickness of 0.13-0.76mm. Zirconium sand or steel grit with 100-150 mesh can be used. The pressure can reach 275Pa. Although sandblasting can be used for forgings of various sizes, it is mostly used for medium and large titanium alloy forgings. The sandblasting equipment can be equipped with abrasive rollers, shot blasting or sandblasting devices. Pickling is required after sandblasting to remove the α shell layer.

Salt-dissolving rust removal is another effective method to remove oxide scale, and acid washing is also followed to remove the alpha shell layer. A flow chart of rust removal and pickling, solution composition and related parameters are usually used. The shelf used for rust removal with dissolved salt is generally made of wood, titanium or stainless steel to prevent electric potential from being generated between the workpiece and the shelf, which may cause electrical erosion or arcing on the workpiece. Salt rust removal is often used for medium and small forgings. In the case of large quantities of forgings, the operating system can be fully automated.

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How to improve the corrosion resistance of TC4 titanium alloy

PdO-TiO2 and RuO2-Ti02 coatings can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of TC4 titanium alloy, especially the crevice corrosion resistance. The usual method is to apply a solution containing chlorinated fertilizer and titanium trichloride to the surface of the titanium alloy by brushing, and then thermally oxidize it at 500-700°C for tens of minutes after drying, and finally transform it into an oxide coating. The above operation is repeated several times until the weight gain of the coating reaches 1g/m2. The mass ratio of PdO and TiO2 in the coating is usually 7:3. The TC4 titanium alloy with this coating can form very light adhesion, and its technical know-how lies in the preparation of the solution. The acid solution corrodes the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy and generates a hydride layer, which is oxidized and decomposed by high temperature, which is the key to obtain excellent adhesion of the oxide coating.

The corrosion rate of pure titanium with PdO-TiO coating and pure titanium in 70% hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid can be seen: PdO-Ti02 coating can significantly improve the candle resistance of titanium in hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid towels. Especially for phosphoric acid, the corrosion rate of the coating is stable, and almost increases with the increase of the acid content. The crevice corrosion resistance of the coating is also shown in table form. For the boiling sodium chloride solution, under the condition of 3 kinds of NaCl mass fractions (each mass fraction is adjusted to 3 pH values), using the opposite test method, the coating sample does not have crevice corrosion. Even in a 12% sodium chloride solution, a mass fraction of 47% is not a cause of crevice corrosion. Crevice corrosion occurs only in 42% boiling magnesium chloride solution. For industrial pure titanium, crevice corrosion can be seen in all the above solutions.

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Why is titanium alloy so suitable for submarines? What are its advantages?

With the development of naval equipment, the requirements for naval equipment are getting higher and higher, and traditional steel, iron, aluminum, magnesium and other metals and their alloys can no longer meet the requirements in many fields. Titanium alloys are receiving increasing attention from ships and marine engineering equipment due to their excellent properties and are called "marine metals". As the core of "naval equipment", submarines are the backbone of strategic nuclear forces and play a pivotal role. Can the use of titanium alloys to make submarines bring new breakthroughs in performance to submarines?

Specific strength refers to the ratio of material strength to density. The greater the specific strength, the smaller the structural weight can be obtained with the same strength design, and the higher the strength can be obtained with the same structural quality. The high specific strength can make the equipment design more compact, greatly reduce the structural quality, and improve the safety of the equipment.

The effect of high specific strength on pressure shell

When the submarine structure is timed, the submarine's ultimate diving depth is proportional to the product of the yield strength of the shell material and the shell thickness. Increasing the diving depth by thickening the pressure shell will reduce the effective load of the submarine. If the effective load is maintained, the size of the submarine will be increased to the extent that it cannot be used, thereby reducing the overall performance of the submarine. Therefore, we must consider the use of higher specific strength materials.

Although the yield strength of titanium alloy is not as good as that of high-strength steel, it has a lower density and higher specific strength. It is the best among several materials currently available for submarine shells. Therefore, titanium alloy is used for submarine and deep submersible The pressure shell material is very advantageous.

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Development characteristics of titanium alloy materials and titanium product processing technology

Due to the high manufacturing cost of titanium alloys, in order to reduce costs, the competitiveness of titanium alloys in the entire metal material market has been improved at a lower price. It is generally believed that titanium has incomparable superior performance compared to other materials, but the price of titanium often discourages consumers (especially car manufacturers). The emergence of high-quality, low-cost titanium alloys will certainly help the popularization and application of titanium and titanium alloys.

Judging from the application status at home and abroad and the development of titanium processing technology, the plastic processing technology of titanium and titanium alloys will develop in the following directions in the future:

1) High performance, that is, the development of alloys with higher service temperature, higher specific strength, higher specific modulus, better corrosion resistance and wear resistance.

2) Multi-function, namely the development of titanium alloys with various special functions and uses, such as high damping, low expansion, constant resistance, high resistance, resistance to electrolytic passivation and hydrogen storage, shape memory, superconductivity, low modulus biomedical Other titanium alloys, and further expand the application of titanium and titanium alloys.

3) Deepen the research of traditional alloys, improve the practical performance of existing alloys, and expand the application range of traditional alloys through the improvement of equipment and processes.

4) Adopt advanced processing technology and large-scale continuous processing equipment to develop continuous processing technology, direct rolling technology, cold forming technology and near-net forming technology to improve the production efficiency, yield and product performance of titanium alloys.

5) Reduce costs, develop alloys that contain no or almost no precious metal elements, and add cheap elements such as iron, oxygen and nitrogen, and develop titanium alloys that are easy to process and shape, easy to cut, and have cheap alloy elements and master alloys. Develop titanium alloys and use banned materials to increase the recovery rate and utilization rate of banned titanium. This is particularly important for reducing the cost of civilian titanium alloys.

6) Use advanced computer technology to simulate the deformation and processing of the workpiece, predict the evolution of the metal microstructure, and even predict the mechanical properties of the product (yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, hardness, etc.). ), and design or improve molds and tooling; analyze and process test results, reduce test volume, improve work efficiency, and reduce development costs.

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The main factors affecting the quality of titanium alloy seamless pipes

There are many types of titanium alloys, and pipe processing techniques and methods are different, and there are many factors that affect the quality of pipes. Starting from the smelting and preparation of titanium alloys, the content of impurity elements (such as O, C, N) has a certain impact on the structure and performance of the finished titanium alloy pipe. Generally, a high interstitial element content will increase the strength of the pipe and reduce the plasticity. The choice of preparation method also greatly affects the performance of the titanium tube. For example, the extruded tube billet has fine grains and good comprehensive properties, and the cross-rolled perforated tube billet has coarse grains, unevenness and often high-temperature deformation structures. The former is easier for subsequent tube processing. The preparation method can also affect the residual stress state of the pipe and can improve the fatigue limit and stress corrosion resistance when the pipe has residual compressive stress.

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Application and characteristics of titanium alloy in automobiles

Titanium alloy is a new type of structural and functional material. It has excellent comprehensive properties, low density and high specific strength. The density of titanium is 4.51g/cm3, which is between aluminum (2.7g/cm3) and iron (7.6g/cm3). The specific strength of titanium alloy is higher than that of aluminum alloy and steel, and the toughness is equivalent to that of steel. Titanium and titanium alloys have good corrosion resistance, better than stainless steel, especially in the marine atmosphere, they resist the corrosion of chloride ions and have good corrosion resistance in a micro-oxidizing atmosphere. The working temperature of titanium alloys is wide, and low-temperature titanium alloys are at -253℃ It can also maintain good plasticity, and the working temperature of heat-resistant titanium alloy can reach about 550℃, and its heat resistance is significantly higher than that of aluminum alloy and magnesium alloy. At the same time, it has good processability and welding performance.

The excellent properties of titanium and titanium alloys have attracted the attention of various cutting-edge industries since the industrial production of titanium. With the start of the titanium industry, in the mid-1950s, titanium entered the automobile industry. Entering the 1990s, with the global energy shortage and the strengthening of people’s environmental awareness, especially in the automotive industry, the United States, Japan, and Europe have successively promulgated a series of ecological regulations to regulate fuel efficiency, CO2 emissions, vehicle weight reduction, The safety and reliability of automobiles put forward higher requirements. Many developed countries and well-known automobile manufacturers are actively developing and increasing their research investment in titanium for automobiles. Provides powerful power for automotive titanium. In the new century, my country's titanium industry has gradually entered the automotive field.

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Application and advantages of medical titanium alloys in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular repair materials

Examples of the application of titanium and titanium alloys in the human cardiovascular system include artificial heart valves, blood filters, pacemakers and artificial heart pumps.

The main advantages are:

 ① High strength, good chemical stability, and excellent biocompatibility;

 ② Titanium is non-magnetic, and seldom produces false images in the magnetic resonance spectrum MRI;

 ③ The elasticity and shape recovery function of NiTi memory alloy is very suitable for medical applications. NiTi alloy is martensitic at low temperature (near zero) and can easily become a shape that is easy to be introduced into the human body. When the temperature rises to body temperature Reverse phase transition will occur at the time, so as to return to the original set shape and produce a larger restoring force for orthopedic and support. In recent years, the application of NiTi shape memory alloy in vascular stents has attracted much attention. However, NiTi alloys may dissolve Ni ions under physiological conditions, thereby inducing toxicity and inflammatory reactions. To this end, researchers have conducted a large number of surface modification studies on the alloy. The main methods include surface inert coating, surface oxidation, surface activation and surface grafting of macromolecules. Although the footholds are different, they can effectively inhibit the dissolution of Ni ions and improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of NiTi alloys.

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The superiority of TC4 titanium tube and TC11 titanium tube has become the first choice in the petroleum equipment industry

1), lower density

Can significantly reduce the string load, especially ultra-deep oil well pipe.

2), higher strength

Including tensile strength, creep strength, fatigue strength, etc. 　　 the specific strength of different materials at different temperatures.

3), excellent corrosion resistance

Excellent seawater corrosion resistance

4) Wide operating temperature range

The operating temperature of conventional titanium alloy ranges from minus 269 ℃ to minus 600 ℃.

5), large elastic deformation capacity

Titanium alloy has high yield strength and low elastic modulus (E), so it is very suitable for springs and other parts, and more importantly, it is suitable for large-reach horizontal wells.

6), lower expansion coefficient

This feature makes petroleum equipment more adaptable to temperature changes and reduces the internal stress of structural parts.

7), non-magnetic

Meet the requirements of normal use of some detection, communication and control methods in various equipment.

8), better processing performance

Titanium gold usually has good process properties such as casting, forging, welding, 3D printing, etc., which is often an important factor in the selection process of various engineering materials.

In the 1980s, the research and application of titanium alloy pipes in the petroleum industry began in foreign countries. Chinese companies have also made certain progress in the development of titanium alloy tubing and casing pipes, and the current products have been initially tested. I believe that in the near future, titanium alloys will have more applications in the petroleum equipment industry, and new breakthroughs will be made in the world industry as soon as possible.

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