Characteristics and uses of titanium and titanium alloys

Pure titanium is a silver-white metal that has many excellent properties. Titanium has a density of 4.54g / cm3, which is 43% lighter than steel, and slightly heavier than the prestigious light metal magnesium. The mechanical strength is similar to that of steel, which is two times greater than aluminum and five times greater than magnesium. Titanium is resistant to high temperatures, with a melting point of 1942K, nearly 1000K higher than gold, and nearly 500K higher than steel, so it is called "refractory metal".
Titanium is a relatively active metal. When heated, it can interact with non-metals such as O2, N2, H2, S, and halogen. However, at normal temperature, a very thin and dense oxide protective film is easily formed on the titanium surface, which can resist the action of strong acid and even aqua regia, and exhibit strong corrosion resistance. Therefore, in general, metals become so ragged in solutions of acids, bases, and salts, but titanium is safe and sound. Liquid titanium can dissolve almost all metals, so it can form alloys with many metals. Titanium steel made by adding titanium to steel is tough and elastic. Titanium and metals Al, Sb, Be, Cr, Fe, etc. form interstitial compounds or intermetallic compounds.
Titanium alloy aircraft carry more than 100 passengers more than aircraft made of the same weight. The manufactured submarine can resist seawater corrosion and deep pressure, and its diving depth is increased by 80% compared to stainless steel submarines. At the same time, titanium is non-magnetic and will not be found by mines. It has a good anti-monitoring effect.
Titanium is "biological". In the human body, it is resistant to the corrosion of secretions and non-toxic, and it is suitable for any sterilization method. Therefore, it is widely used in the manufacture of medical devices, artificial hip joints, knee joints, shoulder joints, flank joints, craniums, active heart valves, and bone fixing clips. When new muscle fiber rings are wrapped around these "titanium bones", these titanium bones begin to support the normal activities of the human body. Titanium is widely distributed in the human body, and its content in normal human bodies is not more than 15 mg per 70 kg of body weight, and its role is unclear. But titanium has been shown to stimulate phagocytic cells and boost immunity.
Titanium compounds and uses: Important titanium compounds are: titanium dioxide (TiO2), titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), and barium metal titanate (BaTiO3). Pure titanium dioxide is a white powder and is an excellent white pigment with the trade name "Titanium White". It combines the hiding properties of lead white (PbCO3) and the long-lasting properties of zinc white (ZnO). Therefore, people often add titanium white to paint to make high-grade white paint; in the paper industry, as a filler in paper paddles; in the textile industry, as a matting agent for artificial fibers; in glass, ceramics, and enamel industries. Additives to improve its performance; used as a catalyst in many chemical reactions. With the development of the chemical industry today, titanium dioxide and titanium-based compounds, as fine chemical products, have high added value, and the prospects are very attractive. Titanium tetrachloride is a colorless liquid with a melting point of 250K and a boiling point of 409K. It has an exciting odor. It is easily hydrolyzed in water or humid air and emits a lot of white smoke. TiCl4 + 3H2O == H2TiO3 + 4HCl. Therefore, TiCl4 is used as an artificial aerosol in the military, and it is still used in marine warfare. In agriculture, people use the thick fog ground formed by TiCl4 to reduce the loss of ground heat at night and protect vegetables and crops from the hazards of severe cold and frost. Barium metal titanate is prepared by melting TiO2 and BaCO3 together: TiO2 + BaCO3 == BaTiO3 and ten CO2-BaTiO3 produced artificially has a high dielectric constant, and the capacitor made of it has a large capacity, and more importantly, BaTiO3 has Significant "piezoelectric properties", the crystal will generate electric current under pressure, once it is energized, it will change its shape. People put it in the ultrasonic wave, and it generates electric current under pressure. The strength of the ultrasonic wave can be measured by measuring the strength of the current. It is used in almost all ultrasonic instruments. With the development and utilization of titanate, it is more and more widely used to manufacture non-linear components, dielectric amplifiers, electronic computer memory components, miniature capacitors, electroplating materials, aviation materials, ferromagnetics, semiconductor materials, optical instruments, reagents, etc. The excellent properties of titanium, titanium alloys and titanium compounds prompt humans to urgently need them. However, the high production cost limits the applications. We believe that in the near future, with the continuous improvement and improvement of titanium smelting technology, the application of titanium, titanium alloys and titanium compounds will be further developed.
Titanium products: Titanium and titanium alloys are extremely important lightweight structural materials and have very important application value and broad application prospects in the fields of aviation, aerospace, vehicle engineering, biomedical engineering, and other fields. Type: Canonical titanium, industrial pure titanium, α-type titanium, β-type titanium, α + β-type titanium.
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Application of titanium and titanium alloys in the medical field

Application of titanium alloy in facial treatment
When the human face receives severe damage, local tissue repair must be treated with surgical implantation. Titanium alloy has good biocompatibility and required strength, so it becomes an ideal material for human facial tissue repair. The skull bracket made of pure titanium mesh has been widely used in jaw bone reconstruction surgery and has achieved good clinical results.
Second, the application of titanium in the pharmaceutical industry
In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium is mainly used to make containers, reactors, and heaters. During the production of pharmaceuticals, the equipment often comes into contact with hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and other inorganic acids, organic acids, and their salts. The equipment is damaged due to long-term corrosion. At the same time, product quality is affected by iron ion pollution caused by steel equipment. Titanium equipment can solve these problems. For example, penicillin esterification kettles, saccharification tanks, chloramphenicol film evaporators, dimethyl sulfate coolers, chemical liquid filters, etc., have precedents for selecting titanium materials. The quantity and quality of the medicinal solution produced by the titanium equipment have been continuously improved, and the quality fully meets the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
Application of Titanium in Medical Devices
 In the history of the development of surgical instruments, the first generation of surgical instruments was mostly made of carbon steel, and because the performance of electroplated carbon steel instruments could not meet the requirements of clinical use, they were eliminated. The second generation is austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel surgical instruments, but the chromium in stainless steel is toxic, and the detached chrome plating has a certain effect on the human body. Therefore, the third generation-titanium surgical instruments. The lightweight and high strength of titanium make it particularly suitable for microsurgery. Titanium has corrosion resistance, good elasticity, non-deformation, etc., the surface quality of repeated cleaning and disinfection will not be affected; non-magnetic can eliminate the threat of damage to small and sensitive implanted electronic devices, etc. These advantages make titanium surgical instruments more and more suitable Wider and wider. Currently, titanium has been used to make surgical blades, hemostats, scissors, electric bone drills, tweezers and more. In medical equipment, titanium blood vessel suture needles, sternum sutures, oxygen filters as one of the cardiac surgical instruments, titanium in electrodes for electrocardiography, titanium incubators in vitro culture machines, probes for medical ultrasonic pulverizers, Automatic controllers for blood transport boxes, and titanium instruments for ophthalmic surgery.
4. Dental applications of titanium and titanium alloys
 Metals used in dental surgery started from amalgam and metal crowns in the 1920s. Gold, silver, and palladium alloys were mainly used in the 1960s, and stainless steel became permanent and removable instruments for orthodontics after the 1970s. The most commonly used material, titanium casting technology was popularized in the 1990s. Dental uses titanium precision casting machine to cast with high dimensional accuracy, no bubbles, and shrinkage. Among the metal materials used for human hard tissue repair, the elastic modulus of titanium is the closest to human tissue, which can reduce metal implants and bones. Mechanical incompatibility between tissues. The thermal conductivity of titanium is the lowest among all dental restoration metal materials. Low thermal conductivity can reduce the thermal stimulation of dental pulp with crowns, which is very important for dental restorations. Titanium inlays, full crowns, etc. can protect the pulp and prevent hot and cold stimulation. In terms of materials, dental titanium is mostly pure titanium, but its strength is insufficient, it is difficult to grind, it has poor wear resistance, it is easy to produce casting defects and its quality is unstable. Titanium alloy has high strength. The most commonly used is the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. However, because metal V is harmful to the human body, Nb is used instead of V. The Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy has been successfully developed. It has excellent corrosion resistance and The human body is basically harmless, but also has other advantages such as strong plasticity and excellent abrasiveness, which has been approved by ASTM standards. At present titanium can be used as dental crowns, crown nails, fixed bridges, porcelain bridges, bonded bridges, denture rings, bases, connection devices, and reinforcement devices. Almost all metal parts of the denture can be made of titanium. Titanium alloy porcelain teeth can restore the shape and function of the tooth and have high strength, beautiful appearance, stable color, smooth surface, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. It is a permanent restoration that is suitable for all fixed teeth. In particular, it has good biocompatibility and is suitable for people who are sensitive to nickel ions. It has been widely used in dental restorations.
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Defects that easily occur when testing titanium alloy materials

Titanium alloy has a small specific gravity (about 4.51 kg / CM3), a high melting point (about 1650 ° C), good plasticity, high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, and can work at high temperatures for a long time. ° C), and has been increasingly used as an important bearing component of aircraft and aircraft engines. At present, the application proportion of titanium alloy materials in aircraft has reached about 30%, and titanium alloy materials have a bright future in the fields of aviation, navigation, petroleum, power, electronics, and other fields. However, titanium alloys also have the following defects: large deformation stress, poor thermal conductivity, and large notch sensitivity (about 1.5). Now the change in structure has a significant impact on mechanical properties, etc., which leads to smelting, forging processing and heat treatment. Complexity. Therefore, using non-destructive testing technology to ensure the processing quality of titanium alloy materials is an important link. The following introduces the defects that are easy to occur in titanium alloy materials during flaw detection:
Segregation defect
Common segregation defects are β-segregation, β-spots, titanium-rich segregation, and strip-shaped α segregation. The most dangerous gap-type stable α segregation (type I α segregation) is often accompanied by small holes, cracks, and oxygen. Nitrogen and other gases are more brittle. There is also aluminum-rich α stable segregation (type II α segregation), which is also a dangerous defect due to cracks and brittleness.
2. Inclusions are mostly metal inclusions with a high melting point and high density. It is formed by the high melting point and high-density elements in titanium alloys that are not fully melted and left in the matrix (such as molybdenum inclusions). There are also carbide chipping or improper electrode welding processes mixed with smelting raw materials (especially recycled materials) ( Titanium alloy smelting generally uses the vacuum consumable furnace electrode remelting method), such as tungsten electrode arc welding, leaving high-density inclusions, such as tungsten inclusions, in addition to titanium compound inclusions. The existence of inclusions easily leads to the occurrence and expansion of cracks, so it is an impermissible defect.
3. Residual shrinkage
4. Holes, holes may not exist individually or maybe densely located, which will accelerate the growth of peripheral fatigue cracks and cause early fatigue damage.
5. Crack mainly refers to forging crack. Titanium alloy has large viscosity, poor fluidity, and poor thermal conductivity. Therefore, during forging deformation, due to large surface friction, obvious internal deformation non-uniformity, and large internal and external temperature differences, it is easy to generate shear lines inside the forging ( Strain line), which causes cracking when severe, and its orientation is generally in the direction of the maximum deformation stress.
6. Overheating, titanium alloy has poor thermal conductivity. In addition to overheating caused by improper heating during the hot working process, it is also easy to cause overheating due to thermal effects during deformation during the forging process, causing microstructural changes and overheating Weiss organization.
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Characteristics and application of titanium

Titanium is stable in the air; because titanium has a small density and a high specific strength, the density is only 0.6 of that of steel. The strength of pure titanium is about the same as that of steel. The strength of the alloy is nearly twice that of steel. characteristic. Titanium is known as "space metal". It can maintain high strength and mechanical properties within a wide temperature range of -253 ° C to 500 ° C. Since the 1950s, the proportion of titanium in aerospace has been increasing. Larger, titanium alloy is an important material for making rocket engine casings and artificial satellites and spacecraft.
At room temperature, titanium maintains its own color tone for life. Its unique silver-gray tone is highly polished. Mercerized. Matt has a very good performance, is the most suitable jewelry metal other than precious metals platinum, gold, often used in foreign modern jewelry design. However, due to the high processing technology requirements of titanium, it is difficult to cast with ordinary equipment, and it is difficult to weld it with ordinary tools, so it is difficult to form a production scale. Titanium is light and extremely sturdy. It is an internationally popular jewelry material. In terms of design, it has a simple and clean-cut, high design and low-key avant-garde style, and is highly respected by young white-collar workers.
TC4 titanium rod is a special metal. It has a small density and lightweight, high specific strength, and strong corrosion resistance. It will not turn black like silver and will maintain its silvery-white tone at room temperature for life. TC4 titanium rod, TC4 titanium forgings are often used in aerospace. Military precision components. In terms of chemical reactions, the strong corrosive agent "aqua regia" can swallow silver, gold, and even corroded stainless steel known as "stainless". However, "aqua regia" is helpless to titanium. ! Titanium is also added to stainless steel to provide acid and alkali resistance.
The titanium plate has a unique application for medical doctors. When titanium metal comes in contact with substances, it will not produce a chemical reaction. In other words, because titanium has high corrosion resistance and stability, it will not affect its essence after long-term contact with people, so it will not cause human allergies. It is the only one that does not have any effect on human autonomic nerves and taste. metal. Titanium is also known as "biological metal". At the bone damage, fix it with titanium splint and titanium bone nails. After a few months, the bones will grow on the titanium splint and the threads of the titanium bone nails, and new muscles will be wrapped in the titanium splint. This " "Titanium bones" are like real bones, and even titanium artificial bones can be used instead of bone to treat fractures.
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Extrusion technology for titanium alloy thin-walled parts

(1) Process flow
According to the characteristics of titanium alloy material parts: open die forging blank → closed extrusion method → ​​pre-forging → final forging process extrusion process to avoid closed forged oxide layer is too thick, stress is too large, and the organization is uneven, Defects such as excessive burrs.
(2) Vacuum heat treatment
During the extrusion process, multiple vacuum heat treatments are used to improve the microstructure and properties of the titanium alloy, to prevent titanium from being immersed in the titanium alloy by O, N, H, C and other elements in the air to form a gap solid solution, which seriously distorts the surface lattice. Plasticity decreases, interacts with N and C to form hard layers such as TiN and TiC with high hardness, which are easy to crack during extrusion.
(3) Control the rate of extrusion deformation
By controlling the deformation temperature, deformation speed, and deformation amount of the spinning parts, supplementary heating during the extrusion process, and thermal insulation are performed to control the difficulties such as poor plasticity and work hardening extrusion of the titanium alloy material parts.
(4) Selection of extrusion equipment
① The extruder should have sufficient rigidity.
② The press must have a large working stroke and energy.
③ The slider should have good guidance accuracy.
④ Have a super-safety device.
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Alloy titanium rod processing technology

1) Pressing the electrode, pressing the sponge titanium through a press to form a dense sponge titanium pressed block electrode;
2) Vacuum casting, under vacuum conditions of 1700 to 1800 ° C and -103Pa, perform three times of vacuum casting on the sponge titanium compact electrode;
3) Opening, under the condition of 1000 ℃, open the blank through an oil press, and finally press it into a square blank;
4) The first rolling, under the condition of 970 ~ 980 ℃, preliminary rolling into a cylindrical shape blank with a rolling mill;
5) The second rolling, under the condition of 950 ° C, is rolled into a blank by a rolling mill.
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Welding process of titanium rod and titanium tube

Non-ferrous metals such as titanium rods, titanium plates, and titanium pipes have special physical and chemical characteristics, so welding technology is different from other metals. The welding of titanium materials is a TiG welding process that effectively protects the welding area by inert argon. Before the use of argon, check the factory certificate on the bottle to verify the purity index of argon, and then check the bottle valve for leaks or malfunctions. Tungsten handle is firm and suitable for welding in various positions.
Argon gas delivery pipe; use semi-rigid plastic pipe, rubber hose and other hygroscopic materials are not suitable. It should be used exclusively when used, and should not be used in series with other pipes that transport other gases. The argon gas pipe should not be too long, so as to avoid the unstable airflow caused by the excessive pressure drop, generally it should not exceed 30m.
Welding fixtures: use austenitic stainless steel or copper tube, Karan, locking bolts and other groups to titanium plates and accessories. Should ensure a certain clamping force on the titanium plate and accessories to ensure that the axis is consistent and the gap is uniform and suitable.
Auxiliary equipment and tools: argon protective cover, sander, special file, stainless steel wire brush, etc.
Titanium welding wire: The welding wire grade is ERTi-2. The selected welding wire should meet the following requirements:
(1) The chemical composition and mechanical properties of the welding wire shall be equivalent to the base metal;
(2) If the weldment requires high plasticity, welding wire with higher purity than the base metal should be used. Before use, the wire should be re-inspected to check the factory certificate and quality certificate; the surface of the wire should be clean and free of defects such as oxidation color, cracks, peeling, scars and slag inclusions.
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