Advantages of titanium plate

Titanium tube is a highly active metal, and its activity increases with increasing temperature.

Titanium tubes and their alloys will interact with oxygen when heated in air or an oxygen-containing atmosphere. When heated below 428℃, a protective oxide film is formed. When the temperature rises, the thickness of the oxide film increases. When the temperature is above 538℃, the oxide film begins to lose its protective effect. Oxygen diffuses through the film into the metal, forming obvious gas infiltration. Floor. If it rises above 815°C, a loose oxide scale will form on the surface of the titanium alloy.

In order to prevent the titanium alloy from oxidizing, absorbing hydrogen, and other trace element pollution during superplastic forming, technical measures need to be taken to make the formed titanium alloy parts have excellent properties.

At present, the main measures are coating protection, vacuum heating, and inert gas (argon) protection.

1. Coating protection law

After cleaning, the surface of the formed blank is coated with a protective coating of a certain thickness. After the part is de-molded, the coating is removed by alkaline washing, acid washing, or sand blowing.

The coating should have the following main properties:

a. High temperature resistance, can be used under high temperature of 750-1050℃;

b. It should have a certain lubricating effect to prevent the blank from being scratched during forming;

c. The coating can be firmly attached to the surface of the blank under the working temperature;

d. Easy to remove after heating;

e. No harmful substances, no pollution to the environment and harm to human health.

The coatings that have been identified as suitable for superplastic forming of titanium tubes and titanium alloys are: Ti-2 alcohol-soluble preparations can be used in conjunction with Ti-3 graphite lubricants, suitable for hot forming at 750-1050°C; KBC-12 Water-soluble preparation, can be used in conjunction with graphite water agent.

2. Vacuum forming

For titanium pipes, vacuum forming is the most ideal for β-type titanium alloys with thinner parts, higher requirements for surface brightness, and stronger sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement.

Vacuum forming does not necessarily require expensive vacuum heating equipment. As long as a sealed space is created between the blank and the upper and lower cavities of the mold, the air in the upper and lower cavities is gradually extracted by a vacuum unit during the heating process, especially when the temperature is above 400℃ to the forming temperature, the temperature of the upper and lower cavities of the mold When the vacuum degree is above 10^(-3) Torr, the valve of the pipeline is changed during forming, and the forming purpose is achieved by filling with argon gas. This method is used in the forming of the titanium foil corrugated board, and satisfactory results are obtained. When the vacuum degree is controlled at 10^(-3) Torr, the hydrogen content is lower than the standard requirement. When the vacuum degree reaches 10^(-5) Torr, a bright surface part can be obtained.

In addition, for parts with medium thickness and no higher requirements for surface and concave brightness, vacuum argon protection can also be used to test this aspect in the formation of spherical gas cylinders, and the effect is also good.
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Where is the application range of titanium standard parts?

With the further development of the aerospace industry and the continuous exploration of the deep space field, the performance requirements of cryogenic materials for spacecraft structural parts have further increased.

On the one hand, the spacecraft structural materials must have sufficient strength and toughness and excellent thermal properties at low temperatures; on the other hand, considering the complexity of the shape of the spacecraft structural parts, the materials must have good machinability.

Compared with traditional low temperature materials, titanium alloy has a higher yield strength at low temperatures, which is more than 3 times that of stainless steel, and its density is only 1/4 to 1/2 of that of stainless steel. In addition, titanium alloy also has a series of advantages such as low thermal conductivity, small expansion coefficient, and non-magnetic, so it is very suitable as a new low-temperature material in the aerospace field.

At present, low-temperature titanium alloys have been initially used in the field of liquid rocket engines, mainly as structural materials such as hydrogen-oxygen engine hydrogen storage tanks, hydrogen pump impellers, etc., greatly improving the thrust-to-weight ratio, working life and reliability of liquid rocket engines. The problem with the application of low-temperature titanium alloys is that the elongation and fracture toughness of titanium alloys are greatly reduced in low-temperature environments, and they show obvious low-temperature brittleness. Therefore, how to reduce the low-temperature brittleness of titanium alloys and improve the toughness and plasticity of titanium alloys under low-temperature conditions becomes low Titanium alloy research is the top priority.

Scholars at home and abroad have conducted a lot of research to solve this problem, and found that two methods of reducing the content of interstitial elements such as C, H, O and reducing the content of aluminum element can effectively improve the low-temperature performance of titanium alloys. Through these two methods, a series of new low-temperature titanium alloys with excellent properties have been developed at home and abroad.

The former Soviet Union was committed to the development and application of low-temperature titanium alloys. By reducing the content of aluminum, the former Soviet Union has developed a series of low-aluminum low-temperature titanium alloys, of which OT4 and BT5-1 are widely used. OT4 alloy has been used in spacecraft orbital docking parts, liquid rocket pipes and combustion chamber structural parts; BT5-1 alloy has been used in the manufacture of liquid hydrogen containers. In order to further improve the impulse driving ratio of liquid rocket engines, a Russian research institute conducted research and development of high-strength, high-plasticity, low-temperature titanium alloys suitable for extremely low temperature environments at -253 ℃.

The research on low-temperature titanium alloys in the United States has mainly focused on the α-type titanium alloy TA7 ELI (Extra low interstitial) and the α+β-type titanium alloy TC4 ELI. By reducing the content of interstitial elements, the strength and toughness of the two titanium alloys at extremely low temperatures have been significantly improved. TA7 ELI, as a near-α-type titanium alloy, still has good toughness, low thermal conductivity and notch sensitivity at low temperatures of 20 K. It has been successfully used in cryogenic vessels, cryogenic pipelines, and liquid rocket engine impellers. structure. In the Apollo project, TC4 ELI has been widely used as the main material of liquid hydrogen containers and liquid hydrogen pipes and has achieved good results. In addition, American scholars have also carried out basic research on a series of problems such as the fracture mechanism of low-temperature titanium alloys and hydrogen embrittlement, and obtained the mechanical properties and fracture mechanism data of various low-temperature titanium alloys such as TA7 ELI and TC4 ELI. The further development and application of titanium alloy laid the foundation.
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Application of titanium in transplantation

Because titanium alloy has the characteristics of high deformation resistance and poor plasticity, it is very difficult to use conventional plastic processing technology. For example, in the production of titanium alloy rods and titanium wires, due to their large variety and low output, it is difficult to organize the production with the continuous rolling of small bar and high-speed wire rod mills used in modern steel production. Due to the particularity of titanium alloy rod and titanium wire processing, compared with ordinary metals under the same conditions, its deformation resistance is high, widening is easy to be ears, the temperature range suitable for processing is narrow, and it is difficult to bite, so it adopts backward rows. In the production of high-speed rolling mills, it is difficult to guarantee the product quality in terms of product size or organization performance.

This production line implements low-temperature controlled rolling. Because the rolling temperature range of titanium alloys is narrow, the entire line is controlled by cooling the rolling piece and controlling the rolling speed. According to the rolling temperature range of the rolling piece, you can choose to perform water cooling or not. Perform water cooling. The production line adopts a special cooling system to control the temperature of the rolls and rolling pieces, and the closed-loop control is performed uniformly by the console, thereby ensuring the stability of the process and the quality of the rolled products. According to different steel grades, diameters and rolling speeds of the products produced, the console selects different cooling parameters, and adjusts the cooling temperature of the rolls and rolling pieces by adjusting the water volume.

At present, due to the backward processing methods, high-quality titanium alloy rods and titanium wires are scarce. Imports are mainly used to meet the domestic demand for high-quality titanium alloy rods and titanium wires. Therefore, it is of practical significance to establish a titanium alloy rod and titanium wire production line, and to introduce advanced new technology into the titanium alloy rod and titanium wire production line. It can meet the needs of materials such as titanium alloy rods, titanium wires and other materials in the fields of national defense, aerospace, and automobiles. Compared with conventional titanium wire and titanium bar rolling production lines, this production line has the following advantages:

1. It can obtain higher size and shape accuracy, thereby reducing the difficulty of finishing, reducing material consumption and processing costs, and meeting the needs of titanium alloy wire and rod in various fields. According to the user's dimensional accuracy requirements, different numbers of stands can be combined for rolling;

2. The process is flexible and the operation is convenient, and the process regulations can be changed according to the needs to improve the operation rate;

3. The production process is short, the number of holes and the number of frame replacements are reduced, and the operation rate is improved;

4. Rolled by a three-high Y-shaped rolling mill, the rolled piece is in a state of three-way compressive stress, and the deformation conditions are good;

5. The pass type has high commonality, realizes the free rolling of certain specifications, and increases the product specifications;

6. The surface quality of the rolled piece is good, with less cracking and less splitting, which reduces the accidents of continuous rolling stock, so the yield rate is high.

7. The frame is small in size, light in weight, easy to adjust and transport, can save roll changing time, compact structure layout, and small footprint;

8. The rolling speed output and feedback of the entire rolling process is controlled by PLC through the DC speed regulator, the control procedure is simplified, the rolling speed control precision is high, and the speed adjustment is simple and rapid;

9. Adopting modular design, the equipment is easy to manufacture and maintain, which reduces equipment cost and maintenance cost.

Therefore, it is possible to popularize and apply the continuous rolling technology of titanium alloy wire and titanium alloy bar.
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What should be paid attention to in the design and manufacture of titanium heat exchangers?

Titanium and titanium alloy materials have high strength, good plasticity and toughness, and have sufficient corrosion resistance and high temperature strength. They are widely used in aerospace, shipbuilding, and chemical industries. Although the one-time investment of titanium equipment is huge, the reliability and service life of the equipment are greatly improved, and the economic benefits are obvious. At present, titanium alloy pipes are increasingly used in various industries, such as petroleum, chemical, energy and other industries, as applied materials in the field of ship equipment and seawater desalination technology. Research work on the weldability and welding process development of titanium and titanium alloys has received extensive attention.

my country's titanium industry has made great progress in the development process of the past few decades. Relevant departments attach great importance to the development and research of titanium and titanium alloy application technology, especially the application technology of marine titanium alloy, which has a significant increase in the consumption of titanium alloy. At present, the marine titanium alloys used in our country include TA2, TA16 and TA17, etc., which have been applied to a certain extent on ships. Most of the research on the performance of these titanium alloy products stays in the basic performance research, such as stretching, bending, etc., and there is no data that can be evaluated in depth. In addition, there are few reports on the research of titanium alloy pipelines, and it is necessary to continue to invest in titanium alloy scientific research. Funds, to carry out low-cost technical research, while ensuring that the product has good performance, can further reduce the processing and manufacturing costs of the product, and at the same time, it is necessary to conduct experimental research in a specific marine environment to accumulate more data to support the titanium alloy crafts improvement.

Application of titanium and titanium alloys in the field of ships

The superior performance of a ship indicates the strength of the navy's combat effectiveness. The ship is a platform for maritime transportation and combat, and is the most important equipment of the navy. Therefore, the material properties of the warship must be very good, while reducing the cost of service, ensuring the operation and maintenance of the ship system, and enhancing the combat capability of the ship. Titanium alloys have excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, erosion and corrosion resistance, and high strength. They are used on ships to improve the reliability and effectiveness of ships and achieve weight reduction and load increase. At present, there have been a large number of experience in the use of pipeline materials in ships to prove that the service life of traditional materials is limited. Pipes made of steel pipes have a service life of only 1 to 2 years. Pipes made of copper-nickel alloy materials have a service life of only 1 to 2 years. 6 to 8 years, while the pipes made of titanium alloy materials have a service life of more than 40 years.

After decades of development, the level of titanium alloys for ships in China has been greatly improved, and a titanium alloy system for independent ships has been formed. Different ships have different strength requirements. Titanium alloys of different strengths are used in different parts, mainly for Heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant parts and special marine machinery in ship power engineering. Titanium alloys are widely used in ships, including hull structures, propulsion systems, power systems, auxiliary systems and special equipment. It can be said that titanium alloy materials can be used for all large equipment and components except for ship accessories and cabin facilities.
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Performance requirements for titanium containers and titanium alloy tubes for petrochemical industry

Titanium plate has the characteristics of low density, high specific strength, and corrosion resistance, and has great potential for application in the automotive industry. The use of titanium and titanium alloys on cars can save fuel, reduce engine noise and vibration, and improve life span. However, for a long time, automotive materials have always been the country for materials such as steel and Al. In order for Ti materials to enter the automotive market, in addition to its own functional advantages, costs must be further reduced to a level acceptable to the automotive industry. Ti titanium plate metallurgical parts for automobiles are a very promising category, but due to the current constraints of cost and other factors, the application and implementation of metallurgical parts are slow. Using leading titanium plate metallurgy technology to prepare Ti titanium plate metallurgical parts can not only greatly reduce the cost, but also help the promotion of Ti and its alloys in the automotive industry, making it another major application after the aerospace industry category. The development of low-cost titanium and its alloy titanium plates can provide low-cost materials for metallurgical parts of titanium and titanium plates for automobiles. Judging from the existing skills, the sponge Ti powder method, the hydrogenation dehydrogenation method and the metal hydride restoration method are mainly suitable for the automobile industry.

1. Sponge Ti powder method

This is currently a way to meet the needs of the automotive industry in terms of cost. The first step is to use the traditional production sponge Ti and the residual material in the process to crush it; the obtained titanium plates are often relatively coarse and rich in content. Cl element. U.S. Huachang Company chooses the gas phase method to introduce TiCl4 and Mg vapors into a tube furnace at 850°C successively to quickly produce fine Ti powder and MgCl2, but it is difficult to separate such fine powder from MgCl2, and the content of O is high; Japan creates one The spray response method sprays the gas onto the liquid Mg to generate particles. The test shows that about 100 grams of Ti powder with a particle size of tens of microns can be prepared for every 100 grams of Mg and 400 grams of TiCl4, and the production power has increased by 2 times. , The cost is reduced by 50%, and it is expected to be used as the material for titanium metallurgical Ti products.

2. Hydrodehydrogenation method

This method is due to the wide planning of the titanium plate size, low cost, less stringent requirements for materials, and easier technology to complete. Through years of improvement and implementation, it has become the primary method for preparing Ti powder at home and abroad. However, the titanium plates prepared by this method tend to have a high content of O, N, etc. The Northwest Research Institute of Nonferrous Metals in China selected hydrogenation and dehydrogenation technology to hydrogenate and dehydrogenate the ingots and produced high-quality titanium plates with low O, N, and Cl. It has outstanding functions and has been able to produce O content of less than 0.20%. Titanium plate has been mass-produced, and it is expected to supply stable titanium plate for metallurgical parts of automobile titanium plate.

3. Metal hydride restoration method

TiCl4 can be restored with hydrogen at 3500°C, and TiO2 can be restored with carbon heat above 1800°C. In order to reduce the reaction temperature, the former Soviet Union scientists proposed to use CaH2 to restore TiO2 and TiCl4, which can be carried out at a temperature of 1100 to 1200 ℃, the reaction generates TiH2, and then de-H to obtain Ti powder. Because this method does not have a Cl element to participate in the reaction, it is possible to obtain a titanium plate with extremely low Cl content. Although the Ti powder produced by this method has a higher H content, it is reported that the presence of a small amount of H is beneficial to the sintering of the titanium plate and the improvement of the microscopic arrangement, and can be completely removed in the subsequent vacuum sintering and annealing process.
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The reaction of titanium alloy materials such as titanium rods and titanium tubes in air is closely related to temperature.

Titanium alloys are widely used because of its series of excellent properties. However, titanium alloys have high friction coefficients, are very sensitive to adhesive wear and fretting wear, have poor wear resistance, are easy to ignite at high temperature and high speed friction, and have relatively poor resistance to high temperature oxidation. The shortcomings seriously affect the safety and reliability of its structure and greatly limit its application. Therefore, improving the surface properties of titanium alloys such as wear resistance, high temperature oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance is an urgent problem to be solved. In addition to improving the composition and preparation process of the alloy, surface modification of titanium alloy is currently the most effective method.

In recent years, electron beam surface treatment technology has developed rapidly. When the electron beam with high energy density acts on the surface of the material, the surface of the material has physical, chemical or mechanical properties that are difficult to achieve by conventional methods, and the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the material surface are significantly improved. And high temperature oxidation resistance. A domestic engineering technology company used pulsed high-current low-energy electron beams for surface treatment of titanium alloys and achieved good results.

The material used in the experiment is TA15 titanium alloy (Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V). After the surface of the sample is polished, the surface is modified with a high-current pulsed electron beam. The electron beam acceleration voltage is 27kV, the target distance is 80mm, and the pulse The number of times is 10, and the pulse interval is 45s.

The hardness test of the obtained sample shows that as the depth increases, the hardness value first decreases and then increases, and finally tends to a fixed value. This special oscillating curve distribution can be explained as: under the pulsed high-energy rapid irradiation, a heating shock wave will sprout in the energy absorbing layer of the material, and it will be reflected back when it encounters the interface. Multiple irradiations cause interference and superposition of stress waves with each other, presenting a complex stress distribution state, resulting in a special distribution of cross-section microhardness.

The wear volume of the sample after electron beam treatment is 3 times higher than that of the original sample, indicating that the wear resistance of TA15 titanium alloy after electron beam treatment is improved. The reasons may be the following three aspects:

(1) The high energy of the electron beam is instantly deposited in a small area of ​​the subsurface layer of the material, so that the material quickly rises to the phase transition temperature or the melting temperature, and then the substrate heat conduction to achieve ultra-high-speed cooling (about 109K/s) to make the surface of the material The quenching effect occurs, which plays a role of solid solution strengthening, so the wear resistance of the surface is improved;

(2) The electron beam rapid solidification process will refine the grains of the surface layer of the material, thereby improving the wear resistance of the material;

(3) When the electron beam pulse acts on the surface of the material, the temperature begins to rise rapidly, and the inwardly propagating compressive thermal stress wave is generated due to the restraint of the rapid outward thermal expansion of the material surface. The residual stress forms a compressive stress distribution, which is beneficial to improve wear resistance.

The corrosion performance test showed that the corrosion potential of the original sample increased from -258.3mV to -107.5mV after the electron beam surface treatment, and the polarization resistance increased from 0.796k/cm2 of the original sample to 2.424k/cm2. At the same time, the self-corrosion current was higher than that of the original sample. Significant decline. This shows that the corrosion resistance of the sample is significantly improved. The main reasons for the improvement of corrosion performance are:

(1) The high temperature caused by the strong current pulsed electron beam irradiation on the surface of the sample can vaporize or desolute the adsorbed or adhered impurities on the surface of the material, and play a cleaning role;

(2) The surface of the material melts quickly, and then solidifies at the same high speed. This process inhibits equilibrium crystallization, and can obtain a dense non-equilibrium structure with uniform composition, which also inhibits the occurrence of self-corrosion to a certain extent;

(3) The rapid cooling of the surface layer of the material refines the surface grains, which leads to a reduction in the area ratio of the cathode and anode and reduces the corrosion rate.
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Titanium alloy parts processing plays an important role in machinery manufacturing

In recent years, with the development of the automobile industry, the world's automobile production and ownership have increased day by day. In 2009, my country's automobile industry advanced by leaps and bounds, with automobile production and sales exceeding 13 million, surpassing the United States and Japan to become the world's largest automobile production and sales country. While automobiles bring convenience to people's travel, they also have three major problems in fuel consumption, environmental protection, and safety. Focusing on sustainable development considerations, it is particularly urgent to reduce fuel consumption and reduce emissions. According to statistics from international authorities, about 60% of the fuel used in automobiles is consumed by the weight of the automobile. For every 10% weight reduction of a car, exhaust emissions can be reduced by 10% and fuel consumption can be reduced by 7%. It can be seen that reducing the weight and weight of automobiles is an effective measure to achieve the above goals.

There are two main ways to realize automobile lightweight: one is to optimize automobile frame structure; the other is to use lightweight materials in automobile manufacturing. At present, the light alloys used in automobiles mainly include metals such as aluminum, magnesium, and titanium alloys.

1. Application and characteristics of titanium alloy in automobiles

Titanium alloy is a new type of structural and functional material. It has excellent comprehensive properties, low density and high specific strength. The density of titanium is 4.51g/cm3, which is between aluminum (2.7g/cm3) and iron (7.6g/cm3). The specific strength of titanium alloy is higher than that of aluminum alloy and steel, and the toughness is equivalent to that of steel. Titanium and titanium alloys have good corrosion resistance, better than stainless steel, especially in the marine atmosphere, they resist the corrosion of chloride ions and have good corrosion resistance in a micro-oxidizing atmosphere. The working temperature of titanium alloys is wider, and low temperature titanium alloys are at -253℃. It can also maintain good plasticity, and the working temperature of heat-resistant titanium alloy can reach about 550°C, and its heat resistance is significantly higher than that of aluminum alloy and magnesium alloy. At the same time, it has good processability and welding performance.

The excellent properties of titanium and titanium alloys have attracted the attention of various cutting-edge industries since the industrial production of titanium. With the start of the titanium industry, in the mid-1950s, titanium entered the automobile industry. Entering the 1990s, with the global energy shortage and the strengthening of people’s awareness of environmental protection, especially in the automotive industry, the United States, Japan, and Europe have successively promulgated a series of ecological regulations to regulate fuel efficiency, CO2 emissions, vehicle weight reduction, The safety and reliability of automobiles put forward higher requirements. Many developed countries and well-known automobile manufacturers are actively developing and increasing research investment in titanium for automobiles. Provides powerful power for automotive titanium. In the new century, my country's titanium industry has gradually entered the automotive field.

2. Titanium parts used in automobiles

The uses of titanium in automobiles are mainly divided into two categories. The first category is used to reduce the mass of internal combustion engine reciprocating parts (for internal combustion engine parts that perform reciprocating motion, even reducing the mass of a few grams is important); the second category Is used to reduce the total mass of the car. According to the design and material characteristics, titanium is mainly distributed in engine components and chassis parts in the new generation of automobiles. In the engine system, titanium can be used to make parts such as valves, valve springs, valve spring holders and connecting rods; in the chassis parts are mainly springs, exhaust systems, half shafts and fasteners.

According to the information, in addition to the above mentioned key points, there are also: rocker arms, suspension springs, piston pins, turbocharger rotors, fasteners, lug nuts, car stop brackets, door projection beams, brakes Caliper piston, pin shaft bolt, clutch disc, pressure plate, shift button, etc.

Ways to reduce the cost of titanium alloys. Although titanium and titanium alloys entered the field of automobile manufacturing as early as the 1950s, their development was relatively slow, mainly due to price factors. In order to satisfy the use of titanium in the automobile industry, titanium manufacturers carried out smelting, processing, and manufacturing. A lot of work. To meet the needs of the automotive industry.

3. Reduce processing costs

The processing cost, which accounts for more than 60% of the total cost, is the focus of research on cost reduction in various countries. In the production process of titanium parts, not only the process is complicated, but also a large amount of residual titanium is generated during the production process, and the production cycle is long, which leads to an increase in the production cost of the parts. It hinders its wider promotion and application.
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