Application and performance of GR5 medical titanium alloy

The internal shortcomings of titanium alloy pipe welds, lack of penetration, refers to a defect in which the workpiece and the weld metal or the part between the weld layers are not fused. Incomplete penetration weakens the welding section of the weld, causing severe stress concentration, greatly reducing the strength of the joint, and it often becomes the source of weld cracking. There is non-metallic slag in the slag inclusion weld, which is called slag inclusion. The slag inclusion reduces the working section of the weld, and constitutes a stress concentration, which will reduce the strength and impact toughness of the weld.

Usually according to the mechanism of crack occurrence, it can be divided into two types: hot crack and cold crack. Thermal cracks occur during the crystallization process from liquid to solid in the weld metal, and most of them occur in the weld metal. The main reason for its occurrence is the presence of low melting point substances (such as FeS, melting point 1193°C) in the weld, which weakens the contact between the grains. When subjected to greater welding stress effects, it simply causes cracks between the grains. . When the weldment and electrode contain a lot of impurities such as S and Cu, thermal cracking simply occurs.

Thermal cracks have the characteristic of spreading along the grain boundary. When the crack penetrates the surface and communicates with the outside, it has a significant hydrogenation tendency. Cold cracks occur during the cooling process after welding, mostly on the base metal or the fusion line between the base metal and the weld. The primary reason for this is that the heat-affected zone or the welding seam constitutes a quenching arrangement. Under the effect of high stress, it causes cracks in the grains. When welding easy-quenchable titanium alloys with higher carbon content or more alloying elements , The most prone to cold cracks. Too much hydrogen melted into the weld can also cause cold cracks.

Cracks are one of the most risky shortcomings. In addition to reducing the load-bearing section, severe stress accumulation will occur. The cracks will gradually expand during use and eventually cause damage to the components. Therefore, such shortcomings are usually not allowed in the welding layout.

When the pore weld metal absorbs too much gas (such as H2) or the gas (such as CO) generated by the metallurgical reaction in the molten pool at high temperature, it is too late to be discharged when the molten pool is cooled and condensed, and it is formed inside or on the outside of the weld. Holes are pores. The existence of pores reduces the useful working section of the weld and reduces the mechanical strength of the joint. If there are penetrating or continuous pores, it will severely affect the tightness of the weldment. During or after welding, cracks in the metal part of the welded joint area are called cracks. Cracks can occur in the weld, and can also occur in the heat-affected zone on both sides of the weld. Sometimes it occurs on the outside of the metal, and sometimes inside the metal.
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Application of titanium and titanium alloys in aviation

The tensile modulus of industrial pure titanium is 105-109 Gpa, and the tensile modulus of most titanium alloys in the annealed state is 110-120 Gpa. The age-hardened titanium alloy has a slightly higher tensile elastic modulus than in the annealed state, and the compressive elastic modulus is equal to or greater than the tensile elastic modulus. Although the strength of titanium and titanium alloys is much higher than that of aluminum and aluminum alloys, they are only 55% of the stiffness. The specific elastic modulus of titanium alloy is equal to that of aluminum alloy, second only to beryllium, molybdenum and some high-temperature alloys. The torsion or shear modulus of industrial pure titanium is 46 Gpa, and the shear modulus of titanium alloy is 43-51 Gpa.
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Characteristics of TA1, TC4, TC11 titanium rods and titanium alloy rods and heat treatment process

TC4 titanium alloy is also called Ti-6Al-4V, this type of alloy contains 6% Al and 4% V. TC4 is widely used in titanium alloys. Al is an element that improves the stability of the phase, and V is an element that improves the stability of the β phase. After adding aluminum to pure titanium, aluminum has sufficient solubility in a-Ti. Aluminum is widely distributed in nature, easy to prepare, and relatively cheap. Aluminum is much lighter than titanium. Adding aluminum to titanium reduces the density and increases the specific strength. More importantly, while the alloy maintains sufficient plasticity, aluminum can be effectively solid-solution strengthened. Aluminum can effectively strengthen the phase not only at room temperature but also at high temperature, and improve the thermal strength and working temperature of the titanium alloy. TC4 with 6% aluminum can work for a long time at 400℃ and maintain high strength. However, only aluminum-containing titanium aluminum alloy (Ti-4Al) will become brittle after long-term heating at 550°C. Therefore, adding an appropriate amount of β-type stabilizing element X to the titanium aluminum alloy will hinder the formation of brittleness, and contains a certain amount of β phase, which improves the hot workability of the alloy and the plasticity of the alloy, and it can also be heat treated ( Such as solid-solution + aging to further improve the strength). The structure of TC4 deformed and annealed is a+β coexistence. The content of the β phase in TC4 is relatively small, accounting for about 10%. TC4 alloy has good overall mechanical properties after being kept at 750~800℃ for 1-2h and then air-cooled (recrystallization annealing). The structure of the alloy at this time is an equiaxed a+β phase.

TC4 titanium alloy can usually be solid-solution + aging strengthening heat treatment, such as heating at 913~940℃ for 1h, water quenching +523~550℃ for 3~4h, after air cooling, the strength can be increased by 20%~25%, but the plasticity is slightly declined. However, the current domestic TC4 is mainly used in the annealed state, and it is rarely used in the strengthened heat treatment state. The high-temperature strength of TC4 is greatly improved due to the addition of aluminum.
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Analysis of application requirements of titanium and titanium alloy materials in civil, aerospace and manufacturing industries

Target application:

The phenomenon that energetic particles (such as argon ions) bombard the solid surface, causing various particles on the surface, such as atoms, molecules or clusters, to escape from the surface of the object is called "sputtering." In magnetron sputtering coating, the positive ions generated by argon ionization are usually used to bombard the solid (target), and the sputtered neutral atoms are deposited on the substrate (workpiece) to form a film. The magnetron sputtering coating has a " Two characteristics: low temperature and fast speed.

Principle of magnetron sputtering:

Add an orthogonal magnetic field and electric field between the sputtered target (cathode) and the anode, and fill the required inert gas (usually Ar gas) in the high vacuum chamber. The permanent magnet forms 250-350 on the surface of the target material The Gaussian magnetic field forms an orthogonal electromagnetic field with the high-voltage electric field.

Under the action of an electric field, Ar gas ionizes into positive ions and electrons, and a certain negative high voltage is applied to the target. The electrons emitted from the target are affected by the magnetic field and the ionization probability of the working gas increases. A high-density plasma is formed near the cathode, and Ar ions are accelerated to the target surface under the action of the Lorentz force, and bombard the target surface at a high speed, so that the atoms sputtered out of the target follow the principle of momentum conversion. The high kinetic energy departs from the target surface and flies toward the substrate to deposit a film.

Magnetron sputtering is generally divided into two types: DC sputtering and radio frequency sputtering. Among them, the principle of DC sputtering equipment is simple, and its rate is also fast when sputtering metal. The application range of radio frequency sputtering is more extensive. In addition to sputtering conductive materials, non-conductive materials can also be sputtered. At the same time, reactive sputtering can be used to prepare compound materials such as oxides, nitrides, and carbides. If the frequency of radio frequency increases, it becomes microwave plasma sputtering. Nowadays, electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) type microwave plasma sputtering is commonly used.
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What effect does drawing have on the performance and organization of medical titanium wire?

With the rapid development of the metallurgical industry, titanium has been popularized and applied as a structural material with high strength and corrosion resistance. In the hydrometallurgical process, because the equipment is exposed to alkali, acid, and various corrosive gases, soot, traditional aluminum alloy, acid-resistant stainless steel, and other materials cannot meet the needs of the production process, which limits the development of hydrometallurgy.

(1) Application of titanium equipment in electrolytic nickel production

In the production of electrolytic nickel, equipment is exposed to solutions with high acid content and active ions, and titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, so it becomes an ideal material for manufacturing electrolytic nickel equipment.

Compared with the stainless steel mother plate, the cathode mother plate in the electrolytic nickel production has a better economic effect and superior performance. For example, the deposited nickel skin is not easy to stick to the plate, easy to peel, the peeling rate is improved, and the starting electrode of the titanium mother plate is flat, Good rigidity, uniform current density during electrolysis, etc. In addition, the heaters, pumps, valves, etc. in electrolytic nickel production equipment also use a lot of titanium materials.

(2) Application of titanium equipment in electrolytic copper production

The cathode rollers of electrolytic copper production equipment were originally steel cathode rollers. Due to the corrosion of the electrolyte, pitting corrosion occurred on the surface of the rollers, which affected the quality of the copper foil, and regular grinding of the rollers also wasted manpower and financial resources. These problems were solved after using titanium rollers. In addition, most of the heaters and cathode motherboards in the production of electrolytic copper are made of titanium.

(3) Hydrometallurgy of other metals

Titanium equipment is also used for cobalt, zinc, aluminum, mercury and other smelting, tungstic acid purification, etc. The main equipment in the metallurgical industry includes electrolyzers, reactors, washing towers, heat exchangers, stirrers, evaporation devices, dust collectors, etc., which Have achieved significant benefits. In foreign countries, when titanium pumps are used to transport chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and dilute hydrochloric acid, the life of the pump is 5-20 times longer than that of cast iron pumps or stainless steel pumps, and the liquid loss is reduced by three-fifths. Titanium storage in the chlorination workshop The tank can be used for 3-4 years, while the steel storage tank can only be used for 2 months.
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Characteristics and advantages of drawing titanium wire and titanium wire

The superplastic forming method of titanium alloy sheet can be roughly divided into the following three types: (1) vacuum forming; (2) air pressure forming (blow forming); (3) compression forming (coupling die forming). The first two methods are commonly used methods for forming plastic (or glass) products. The superplastic forming of titanium sheet is viscous or semi-viscous flow deformation, so low-pressure forming can be used. Air pressure forming can also be used in combination with vacuum forming.

1. Vacuum forming method

The vacuum forming method can be divided into two types: the convex mold method and the concave mold method.

The punch method is a forming method in which the heated wool is adsorbed on a punch with the inner shape of the part, and it is used to form parts that require high inner dimensional accuracy. The die method is a forming force method in which heated wool is adsorbed on a die with the shape of the part. It is used for the forming of parts that require high dimensional accuracy. Generally speaking, the former is used for the formation of deeper containers, and the latter is used for the formation of shallow containers.

Vacuum forming is also a kind of air pressure forming, but the forming pressure can only be one atmosphere. Therefore, for the titanium plate, only parts with thin thickness, simple shape, and gentle curvature can be formed, and it is not suitable for forming parts with thicker thickness, more complicated shape and severe deformation.

2. Air pressure forming method (blow molding method)

This is a special bulging process.

The traditional bulging process is realized by mechanical, hydraulic bulging or explosive bulging. The pressure and energy used are relatively high, and due to the limitation of material plasticity, the amount of deformation is generally not too large. Blow molding is a kind of forming that can obtain a large amount of deformation with low energy and low pressure. It is a sheet metal forming technology that is different from the traditional process concept. Since the metal is free during the deformation process, almost all the power is consumed in the deformation work, and the friction loss is small (for free blow molding, there is no friction loss), which is essentially different from other stamping forming .

Blow molding can be divided into two types: free blow molding and mold blow molding. Mold blow molding is characterized by half-mold molding. Similar to vacuum molding, it is also divided into two types: convex molding and concave molding; the difference is that the molding pressure can be greater than one atmosphere, and it is also suitable for the air supply system. The pressure can be adjusted so that parts with complex shapes and large curvature changes can be manufactured.

(1) Free blow molding method

This is the simplest form of blow molding. Its characteristic is that it does not use molds, and the typical parts blown are spherical parts.

(2) Punch forming method

This method is to form a closed pressure space on the outside of the titanium plate wool. After the titanium plate is heated to superplastic temperature, under the action of the compressed gas pressure, the wool will produce superplastic deformation and gradually approach the mold surface until it is the same as the mold. Completely fit, make the same parts as the mold surface. The inner surface of the formed part has high dimensional accuracy, accurate shape, large depth and width ratio, and easy mold processing, but it is difficult to demold and raw materials are more expensive. The bottom of the part formed by this method is thicker than the surrounding.

(3) Concave mold forming method

Different from the punch forming method, a closed pressure space is formed inside the titanium sheet wool during the forming process. The outer surface of the formed part has high dimensional accuracy, accurate shape, easy part demolding, less raw materials, but the depth and width are relatively small, and the mold processing is also difficult. The bottom of the part formed by this method is thinner than the surrounding.

3. Compression molding method

Using coupling mold. The difference from ordinary pressing is that the temperature is high and the molding speed is much slower.

Because it is difficult to manufacture metal coupling molds that can withstand the superplastic temperature of titanium plates, and the matching accuracy is difficult to ensure (especially for molds with complex shapes), superplastic forming of titanium plates is rarely used.
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How to enhance the wear resistance of titanium rods and titanium wires?

The unique properties of titanium make it an excellent material for making bicycle frames. Its high strength, low density, and low modulus of elasticity (the modulus of elasticity can be regarded as an index to measure the difficulty of elastic deformation of the material), excellent Fatigue resistance, and corrosion resistance make the manufactured titanium alloy frame not only very strong and durable but also very light.

Titanium materials will not break, will not rust, and will not corrode in any atmospheric environment. Titanium is so resistant to corrosion that it doesn't even need any paint treatment. We just lightly rub the surface to brighten its natural color, and the titanium color can better reflect the low-key and luxurious texture of this metal.

Titanium has inherent flexibility like steel, but this characteristic of titanium is more obvious. Therefore, it has a very slight elasticity, which means that it can absorb vibrations from the road surface. Before it is transmitted to the rider, (the titanium Seatpost can also eliminate some vibrations) will have a very smooth riding feeling.

Unlike aluminum or carbon bicycle frames, titanium bicycle frames will not break suddenly in an accident. This is because, like steel, it has a certain degree of flexibility. (In fact, titanium is more flexible than steel, which is why it is so famous for its riding quality.) It is more like steel because it has incredible strength, but it is much lighter than steel and less Rusty.

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