Application of titanium in transplantation

In medical transplant operations, artificial joints and artificial bone substitute materials should have the following basic characteristics: light weight, high strength, biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and tissue reactions that occur in the body of the implant will not cause Material degradation, fatigue and damage caused by repeated stress are few. The more important properties of metal implants are formability, machinability and polishability. They must maintain function during the expected lifetime and will not deteriorate when subjected to fatigue, wear, corrosion and impact loads... Titanium and titanium alloy materials Appears to satisfy all the above requirements. Dental tray powder, polypropylene, plexiglass and other artificial joint materials used earlier have low strength, easy to fold, and poor biocompatibility. Later, they were changed to stainless steel. However, stainless steel not only corrodes and breaks in the body's receptor fluid, but also has a large specific gravity, which is about twice that of human bones. Co-Cr alloy is also an excellent artificial joint material, but unfortunately, cobalt and chromium are toxic to the human body. Titanium and titanium alloys have a small specific gravity (similar to that of human bones), high strength, good mechanical processing, and excellent corrosion resistance. They naturally become a new and ideal artificial joint material.

The titanium materials prescribed for surgical implant materials are mainly pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4VELI alloy. In recent years, the graft materials Ti-13Nb1-13Zr and Ti-6Al-7Nb, which have good affinity with the human body, have also been approved by ASTM standards. Artificial bones and bone joints made of titanium can be regenerated on the cells without affecting bone growth, and have good affinity with human bones, epithelium and tissues.

At present, titanium and titanium alloys have been widely used in artificial bones, artificial bone joints, joint foot plates, broken bone fixators, intramedullary nails, artificial heart valves, skull bones, etc. According to incomplete statistics, China's annual demand for titanium alloy artificial joints exceeds 5,000 sets, and clinical applications have received good results.

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The appearance and quality of titanium welded pipe are better than titanium seamless pipe

Titanium welded pipe is welded by cold-rolled coil, with uniform wall thickness, good concentricity, good finish, and no scaling in the pipe. Especially for thin-walled titanium tubes, it is impossible to meet its technical requirements with a seamless rolling process. 

After the rolling or drawing process of titanium seamless pipe, it is difficult to achieve a wall thickness of less than 1 mm; while titanium welded pipe can achieve a wall thickness of 0.5 mm or less, saving a lot of materials and costs. At the same time, due to the thinner wall thickness of the titanium welded pipe, a higher heat transfer coefficient can be obtained and a better heat transfer effect can be obtained.

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The difference between bicycle steel and titanium alloy frame

The frame of the bicycle is believed to be understood by riders. The frame of a bicycle can be said to be the soul of a bicycle. The frame of a bicycle is not only the main part of a bicycle, but the frame determines the performance of a bicycle.

There are many materials for bicycle frames so far, such as aluminium alloy, carbon fibre, steel, titanium alloy and so on. Not only the frames of these materials but also other synthetic metals. Today we mainly understand the difference between steel and titanium alloy frames.

When it comes to steel, everyone may have such doubts. It’s not just the material of a bicycle frame that costs a few hundred yuan. Because most bicycles on the market cost hundreds of yuan, the material used in the frame is steel.

In fact, this is not the case. Indeed, cheap steel is not comparable. However, high-quality steel is expensive. And in terms of performance, it is also extremely high, not only the high performance of the frame.

In terms of riding comfort and riding experience, steel ranks among the best. Because of its own reasons, steel has good deformability. Therefore, when riding normally, steel can well relieve the vibration or impact caused by the ground.

Because they can alleviate the impact of the ground in time, riders who often use steel frames are the best in terms of riding comfort. Also, steel has a strong impact on resistance.

Due to its strong impact resistance, steel is generally used on many heavy-duty bicycles. For example, the hard-tailed AM, many riders often use steel frames in pursuit of hardness.

Titanium alloy, titanium alloy is generally titanium as the main foundation, and then add other alloy elements to form a composite metal, so it is called titanium alloy. Because of the raw material and price of titanium alloy, so few people use it.

Although titanium alloy is a good aerospace material, it is widely used in bicycles. Not only the frame, but also the handlebars and flywheels of the bicycle, and even the small screws are made of titanium alloy.

The reason why titanium alloy is widely used in bicycles is that titanium alloy has strong strength and corrosion resistance. There is still that, the titanium alloy frame is often its own hardness is relatively good, often the same as the steel material, is the first choice for many long-distance riders.

In fact, steel and titanium alloy have the same characteristics, both of which have good impact resistance. The weight of steel will be important and the price will be cheaper. The weight of titanium alloy will be lighter, but the price is several times that of steel. For specific choices and specific requirements, it is mainly up to the individual, and the one that suits you is the best.

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What are the differences between the characteristics of titanium alloy and aluminum alloy?

The density of titanium alloy is about 4.5, and the density of aluminum alloy is about 2.7. Titanium alloys of the same size are slightly heavier. Titanium alloy has high strength, good corrosion resistance and high heat resistance. The density of titanium alloy is generally about 4.51g/cubic centimetre, which is only 60% of steel. The density of pure titanium is close to that of ordinary steel. Some high-strength titanium alloys exceed the strength of many alloy structural steels. Aluminum alloy has low density, but relatively high strength, close to or exceeds high-quality steel, good plasticity, can be processed into various profiles, has excellent electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance, widely used in industry, the amount of use is second only to steel.

Titanium alloy is an alloy composed of titanium added with other elements. Titanium has two kinds of heterogeneous crystals: below 882 ℃ is close-packed hexagonal structure α titanium, above 882 ℃ is body-centred cubic β titanium.

Alloying elements can be divided into three categories according to their influence on the phase transition temperature:

①The elements that stabilize the α phase and increase the phase transition temperature are α stable elements, including aluminum, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. Among them, aluminum is the main alloy element of titanium alloy, which has obvious effects on improving the normal temperature and high temperature strength of the alloy, reducing the specific gravity, and increasing the elastic modulus.

②The element that stabilizes the β phase and lowers the phase transition temperature is the β stable element, and can be divided into two types: isomorphic and eutectoid. The former has molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, etc.; the latter has chromium, manganese, copper, iron, silicon, etc.

③ Elements that have little effect on the phase transition temperature are neutral elements, such as zirconium and tin.

Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen are the main impurities of titanium alloys. Oxygen and nitrogen have greater solubility in the α phase, which has a significant strengthening effect on titanium alloys, but reduces the plasticity. Generally, the content of oxygen and nitrogen in titanium is 0.15 to 0.2% and 0.04 to 0.05%, respectively. The solubility of hydrogen in the α phase is very small. Too much hydrogen dissolved in the titanium alloy will produce hydrides, making the alloy brittle. Usually the hydrogen content in titanium alloy is controlled below 0.015%. The dissolution of hydrogen in titanium is reversible and can be removed by vacuum annealing.

Aluminum alloy has better physical and mechanical properties than pure aluminum, easy to process, high durability, wide application range, good decorative effect and rich color. Aluminum alloys are divided into rust-proof aluminum, hard aluminum, super hard aluminum and other types. Each type has its own use range and has its own code for users to choose. Aluminum alloy still maintains the characteristics of light weight, but the mechanical properties are significantly improved.

Aluminum alloy has low density, but relatively high strength, close to or exceeds high-quality steel, good plasticity, can be processed into various profiles, has excellent electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance, widely used in industry, the amount of use is second only to steel . Some aluminum alloys can use heat treatment to obtain good mechanical properties, physical properties and corrosion resistance.

The hard aluminum alloy belongs to the AI-Cu-Mg series and generally contains a small amount of Mn, which can be strengthened by heat treatment. It is characterized by high hardness, but poor plasticity. Super hard aluminum belongs to the Al-Cu-Mg-Zn series, can be heat-treated and strengthened, and is the aluminum alloy with the highest strength at room temperature, but has poor corrosion resistance and fast softening at high temperature. Forged aluminum alloys are mainly Al-Zn-Mg-Si series alloys. Although there are many kinds of added elements, but the content is small, so they have excellent thermoplasticity and are suitable for forging, so they are also called forged aluminum alloys.

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The overall performance of titanium rods

Titanium rod is a special metal with low density, light weight, high specific strength, and strong corrosion resistance. It will not turn black like silver, and maintain its silver-white tone for life at room temperature. Titanium has a high melting point and is commonly used in aerospace. Military precision parts. In terms of chemical reactions, the strong corrosive "Aqua regia" can engulf silver and gold, and even erode the so-called "stainless" stainless steel. However, the "Aqua regia" has nothing to do with titanium. Titanium is still glorious! Titanium is also added to stainless steel for acid and alkali resistance.

At room temperature, titanium is stable in air; because titanium has low density and high strength, the density is only half of steel and the strength is similar to steel, high temperature resistance, low temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and other excellent characteristics, titanium alloy strength is higher than steel. Titanium is known as "space metal", and can maintain high strength and mechanical properties in a wide temperature range of -253 ℃ ~ 500 ℃. Since the 1950s, the proportion in aerospace has been increasing. Titanium alloys are necessary materials for making rocket engine shells, artificial satellites, and spacecraft.

Titanium plates have unique uses for medical professionals. When titanium metal comes into contact with substances, it does not produce chemical reactions. That is to say, because titanium has high corrosion resistance and stability, it will not affect its essence after long-term contact with humans, so it will not cause human allergies. It is the only one that has no effect on human autonomic nerves and taste. metal. Titanium is also known as "biophilic metal". At the bone damage, use titanium splint and titanium bone nail to fix it. In a few months, the bone will grow in the titanium splint and the thread of the titanium bone nail, and the new muscle will be wrapped in the titanium splint. This kind of " "Titanium bones" are like real bones, and even titanium artificial bones can be used to replace bones to treat fractures.
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Introduction of heat treatment commonly used in titanium alloys!

Commonly used heat treatment methods for metal materials such as titanium alloys and titanium alloy plates are annealing, solution treatment and aging treatment. Annealing is to eliminate internal stress, improve plasticity and organizational stability to obtain better overall performance. Usually the annealing temperature of α alloy and (α+β) alloy is chosen at (α+β)─→β phase transition point 120～200℃; solid solution and aging treatment is rapid cooling from high temperature area to obtain martensite α′ Phase and meta-stable β phase, and then incubate in the middle temperature zone to decompose these meta-stable phases to obtain finely dispersed second phase particles such as α phase or compound to achieve the purpose of strengthening the alloy. Normally, the quenching of (α+β) alloy is carried out at (-40+100°C) below (α+β)─→β phase transition point, and the quenching of metastable β alloy at 40～80℃ above (α+β)─→β phase transition point get on. Aging treatment temperature is generally 450 ~ 550 ℃.

To sum up, the heat treatment process of titanium alloy can be summarized as:

(1) Stress relief annealing: The purpose is to eliminate or reduce the residual stress generated during processing. Prevent chemical attack and reduce deformation in some corrosive environments.
(2) Complete annealing: The purpose is to obtain good toughness, improve processing performance, facilitate reprocessing and improve the stability of size and structure.
(3) Solution treatment and aging: The purpose is to improve its strength. The α titanium alloy and the stable β titanium alloy cannot be strengthened and heat treated, and only annealed in production. The α+β titanium alloy and the metastable β titanium alloy containing a small amount of α phase can be further strengthened by solution treatment and aging.
In addition, in order to meet the special requirements of the workpiece, the industry also adopts metal heat treatment processes such as double annealing, isothermal annealing, β heat treatment, and deformation heat treatment.
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What are the problems that titanium tubes have to deal with at power stations?

From an economic point of view, the price of a titanium tube for a 1000Mw condenser nuclear power unit (about 50,000 condenser tubes is required) is taken as an example. According to the use time of the condenser for 40 years, the average aluminum brass tube There are 10 leaks per year, and the titanium tube has no leaks within 40 years. Through a large number of tests and application examples, it has been proved that the use of titanium tubes in power station condensers has great technical and economic advantages. Here are three problems to be solved when titanium tubes are used in power stations :
1. Corrosion issues
The condenser of the power station uses seawater as cooling water. Because seawater contains a large amount of sediment, suspended matter, marine life and various corrosive substances. The situation is more serious in brackish water where seawater and river water alternately change. Traditionally used The corrosion methods of copper-plated gold tubes are: comprehensive corrosion (uniform corrosion), erosion, erosion and stress corrosion. Because titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, the seawater leakage accidents caused by corrosion of titanium tube condensers have been Eliminate, however, because of the good corrosion resistance of titanium tubes, unlike copper alloy tubes, a toxic substance is not produced on the surface. Therefore, it is easy for sea creatures to adhere to the inner wall of the titanium tube, which affects the heat transfer effect, so it must be There is a corresponding cleaning device.
2. The problem of hydrogen absorption
Although the surface of the titanium material has a dense passivation film, it is very resistant to corrosion in many strong corrosive media, but due to the large affinity of titanium and hydrogen. It is very easy to absorb hydrogen. It occurs at normal temperature and at high temperature (such as 100 ℃) Absorb hydrogen quickly. The solid melting limit of hydrogen in titanium is very small (about 20ppm). If it exceeds the limit, hydride (TtH2) will be precipitated on the titanium surface. With the increase of the surface TiH2, the impact value and elongation of titanium decrease rapidly. In addition, during the transformation of the old unit, because the tube sheet is a copper alloy, the condenser tube is made of titanium, which requires the use of a cathode protection device to prevent electrochemical corrosion. The plates form a galvanic couple. When the protection potential is less than 0.75 v (ScE), the titanium end of the outlet absorbs hydrogen. The hydrogen content reaches 650 ppm in one year; if the potential is selected from 0.5 to O.75 v (scE), the Titanium will not absorb hydrogen at room temperature"
3. Vibration problem

Due to the good corrosion resistance of the titanium tube, the titanium condenser will not be damaged due to corrosion, but the titanium tube may be damaged due to vibration. To avoid the vibration problem of the titanium tube, when manufacturing the barrier titanium condenser Therefore, it is necessary to determine the adaptable spacer spacing; when retrofitting an old unit, it is necessary to check whether the original spacer spacing is suitable for titanium tubes.
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