Surface treatment technology for titanium and titanium alloy materials is widely used in energy conservation and environmental protection

There are generally three process methods for the manufacture of titanium equipment such as titanium coils, titanium heat exchangers, and titanium reboilers: forming method, casting method, and powder metallurgy method.

The molding method can prepare large-scale titanium equipment of any degree of complexity and is the most important process method. The casting method and powder metallurgy method are suitable for equipment and parts with small size and not very complicated shape, but they have the characteristics of short process flow and low cost in mass production. Large-scale titanium equipment generally needs to undergo pressure forming, machining, welding, surface treatment, and other processes. Small single equipment such as titanium pumps, titanium valves, and titanium impellers are often produced by casting. For products with special functions such as titanium filters, powder metallurgy is considered.

The first process of material preparation in the manufacture of titanium equipment is scribing. The purpose of scribing is to draw the boundary line of sheet metal cutting and processing, which will have a great impact on the subsequent assembly and welding procedures. Scribing includes marking the material line, processing line, and position line and inspection line, etc., and marked with the necessary signs. The titanium material can be cut by cutting, punching, cutting (gas cutting, water cutting or plasma cutting, etc.), or cutting. For pipes and bars, mechanical methods such as sewing machines, pipe cutting machines, and grinding wheel cutting machines can be used to cut. Iron ion contamination must be prevented in each process, and mechanical cutting must be used for edge processing of titanium materials.
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Titanium wire classification standard, application, surface performance treatment

In the chemical industry and other application fields, high requirements are placed on semi-finished products and processed parts of titanium or titanium alloys. Therefore, in the fields of aviation and aerospace, the cost of developing inspection instruments and monitoring devices is particularly high. The price of the parts has a big impact. Titanium alloy has the highest tensile plasticity and can be welded in various ways. It can be used for a long time at a temperature of up to 250 degrees Celsius. It is mainly used to manufacture various structural parts of aircraft and engines that are not stressed. Industrial pure titanium has good plasticity, can form various sheet metal stamping parts in cold state, and has relatively high corrosion resistance. Ti5Al2.5Sn titanium alloy has a moderate room temperature tensile strength (800 degrees Celsius 1000MPa and good welding performance. Compared with industrial pure titanium, the new titanium alloy mainly includes various grades of industrial pure titanium and widely used Ti5Al2.5Sn For titanium alloys, the room temperature tensile strength of industrial pure titanium fluctuates in the range of 350 degrees Celsius and 700 MPa. Ti5Al2.5Sn alloy has a slightly lower plasticity and higher thermal strength, and the long-term working temperature can be as high as 450 degrees Celsius.

With the rapid development of cutting-edge science and technology such as aviation, aerospace, nuclear energy, etc., the requirements for materials are becoming more and more stringent. Not only are the materials used for manufacturing these equipment parts to be corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant, and anti-fretting, but also require high-end resistance. temperature. It is necessary to pay attention to the long-term test, in many places, before the large-scale application of titanium to the chemical industry. Under the test conditions, cooperate to test its service life and material structure. If the lack of safety (immaturity) due to the use of conventional structural data is mostly indicated and the economic benefits are not great, then the first step is to gradually develop titanium and titanium alloys, as well as the development of high-level technology in the field of structural data in recent decades. Various other mature new materials. Therefore, the military sector has developed faster in the application field of titanium and its alloys than in the civilian field.

In many industrial media, rare earth metals and precious metals are often mainly used for stability, or materials such as stainless steel can only reach a certain limit in corrosion resistance. Most application fields use titanium to obtain benefits due to its low density, corrosion resistance and high strength. So far. Moreover, the consumption cost is relatively high, so the application of titanium or titanium alloy can obtain relatively high corrosion resistance. The creep characteristics of hard titanium at temperatures exceeding 150T surpass that of aluminum and its alloys. Considering that compared with other materials, titanium alloys have the advantages of unique creep characteristics under low density conditions. It is found that hard titanium is used in aircraft manufacturing and missile manufacturing. The importance of application. The earliest application of titanium and titanium alloys is the aviation industry. Recently, the aviation industry has become increasingly urgent for high-strength and low-density materials, which greatly promotes the development of titanium manufacturing. In the early 1950s, the United States successfully used titanium in aircraft. At that time, although an E aircraft only used 1% of the structural weight of titanium, it opened up a pioneering approach to the use of titanium in the aviation industry. At present, titanium alloys are widely used as structural materials in many high-speed aircrafts in the world.
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Main applications of titanium alloy materials such as TC4 titanium rod and TA1 titanium rod in aviation industry

When welding titanium and titanium alloys, the possibility of hot cracks in the welded joint is very small. This is because the content of impurities such as S, P, and C in titanium and titanium alloys is small, and the low melting point eutectic formed by S and P is not easy to appear in On the grain boundary, in addition to the narrow effective crystallization temperature range, the shrinkage of titanium and titanium alloys is small during solidification, and the weld metal will not produce thermal cracks. However, when welding titanium and titanium alloys, cold cracks may appear in the heat-affected zone, which is characterized by cracks that occur several hours or even longer after welding and are called delayed cracks. During the welding process, hydrogen diffuses from the high-temperature deep pool to the lower-temperature heat-affected zone. The increase in hydrogen content increases the amount of TiH2 precipitated in this zone, which increases the brittleness of the heat-affected zone. In addition, the volume expansion during the precipitation of hydrides causes larger structural stress. In addition, hydrogen atoms diffuse and accumulate to the high-stress parts of the region, resulting in the formation of cracks.

Porosity is a common problem encountered in titanium rod processing and welding of titanium and titanium alloys. The root cause of the formation of pores is the result of the influence of hydrogen. The formation of pores in the weld metal mainly affects the fatigue strength of the joint. Hydrogen is the main cause of cold cracks and pores. Because hydrogen is less than 300, the solubility in α phase is very small, and the limit solubility is only 0.002% at room temperature. When the weld or heat-affected zone cools below 300 after welding, supersaturated hydrogen is precipitated in the form of titanium hydride (γ phase). The volume increases and produces intergranular stress, and the development of this stress will cause intergranular microcracks. The intergranular microcracks will expand into cracks under the action of external stress.

When welding titanium alloy, when the temperature is higher than 500~700, it is easy to absorb oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen in the air, which seriously affects the welding quality. Therefore, when welding titanium alloys, the entire molten pool and the weld area of ​​the high temperature part (above 400~650) must be strictly protected. For this reason, special protective measures must be taken when welding titanium and titanium alloys. Therefore, the method of argon arc welding is used, and a larger welding torch is used to enlarge the area of ​​the gas protection zone. When the nozzle is not enough to protect the weld and the high temperature metal near the seam, it is necessary to supplement the argon protective drag cover.
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Effect of Different Forging Processes on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TC4 Titanium Rod and Titanium Alloy Forgings

Titanium alloy material is the heart of aircraft, and aero-engine has always been the focus of research and investment in various countries. Titanium alloys have been widely used in aero engines due to their excellent thermal strength and high specific strength. Over the years, in order to meet the needs of high-performance aero-engines, developed countries in the aviation industry such as Europe, America, and Russia have attached great importance to the research and development of materials, and have successively developed titanium alloys used in 350-600. Titanium alloy is the second most commonly used material for jet engines after nickel-based superalloys, accounting for more than 1/3 of the engine's structural mass. Calculated by volume, titanium alloy is the most used material in engines.
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Application of titanium rod, titanium wire and titanium plate in shipbuilding industry

When titanium rods and titanium alloy rods are heated to β phase, a → β polymorphic transformation occurs. Sometimes this process is also called recrystallization. The transition temperature of a→β of high purity titanium is 875+-5. But until the β phase is completely formed, it is difficult to observe this process with metallographic methods. The reason why phase β appears at low temperature is unclear. But the experiment pointed out that a and β mutually transform, whether it is heating or cooling, a phase and β phase always maintain a certain Bragg orientation relationship. There has been little research on the polymorphic transformation during heating in titanium alloys.

1. The transformation of titanium rods and titanium alloy rods during slow cooling

When titanium rods and titanium alloy rods are slowly cooled from β phase region to a+β phase region, a polymorphic transition of β→a will occur. It has been confirmed in high-purity titanium that the nucleation of phase a is martensitic at this time, and the growth depends on the thermal activation process. During the nucleation, the surface of the sample also has the relief that is usually caused by the martensitic transformation, and it also maintains a strict orientation relationship with the parent phase.

2. Transition in rapid cooling

The transformation of titanium rods and titanium alloy rods during rapid cooling from the β phase region and the transformation products are different with the content of β stabilizing elements. Martensitic transformation: 1.a`Block martensite cannot measure the orientation relationship; acicular martensite a` and β phase maintain the Bragg orientation relationship. The inertia plane is (334) β or (344). ) Β. 2.a" is found in Ti-Mo, Ti-W, Ti-Re, but not in Ti-V system; a" lattice parameter changes with composition; a" means that the plasticity of titanium alloy decreases.

Quenching ω phase formation: ω is a very small particle, which can only be observed by electron microscopy; ω increases the elastic modulus and hardness, and decreases the plasticity. The measurement of recrystallization mainly adopts the method of combining metallographic observation and X-ray diffraction. When recrystallization occurs, fine equiaxed grains appear on the deformed fibrous structure, and at the same time, the diffraction rings on the X-ray back-reflected Laue diagram begin to become unconnected spots. For heat-treatable β alloys, incomplete aging (500/4 to 8 hours, air cooling) can also be used to display the recrystallized structure, and the unrecrystallized grains after incomplete aging will appear dark after corrosion.
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Feasible methods for the application, characteristics and cost reduction of titanium alloy materials in the automotive industry

Forging is a forming and processing method that applies external force to titanium metal blanks (excluding plates) to produce plastic deformation, change size, shape, and improve performance to manufacture mechanical parts, workpieces, tools or blanks. In addition, according to the movement of the slider, there is a vertical and horizontal movement of the slider (forging of slender parts, lubrication and cooling, and forging of high-speed production parts). The compensation device can increase the movement in other directions. The above methods are different, and the required forging force, process, material utilization rate, output, dimensional tolerance and lubrication cooling method are different. These factors are also factors that affect the level of automation.

According to the moving mode of the blank, forging can be divided into free forging, upsetting, extrusion, die forging, closed die forging, and closed upsetting. Closed die forging and closed upsetting have high material utilization because there is no flash. It is possible to complete the finishing of complex forgings with one process or several processes. Because there is no flash, the force-bearing area of ​​the forging is reduced, and the required load is also reduced. However, it should be noted that the blanks cannot be completely restricted. For this reason, the volume of the blanks should be strictly controlled, the relative position of the forging dies and the measurement of the forgings should be controlled, so as to reduce the wear of the forging dies.

According to the movement mode of the forging die, forging can be divided into swing rolling, swing swivel forging, roll forging, cross wedge rolling, ring rolling and cross rolling. Pendulum rolling, pendulum rotary forging and ring rolling can also be processed by precision forging. In order to improve the utilization rate of materials, roll forging and cross rolling can be used as the pre-process processing of slender materials. Rotary forging, like free forging, is also partially formed. Its advantage is that it can be formed even when the forging force is smaller compared with the size of the forging. In this forging method, including free forging, the material expands from the vicinity of the die surface to the free surface during processing. Therefore, it is difficult to ensure accuracy. Therefore, the movement direction of the forging die and the swaging process can be controlled by a computer. The forging force of the company can obtain products with complex shapes and high precision, such as forgings such as steam turbine blades with a variety of production and large sizes.

In order to obtain high accuracy, attention should be paid to prevent overload at the bottom dead center and control the speed and mold position. Because these will have an impact on forging tolerances, shape accuracy and forging die life. In addition, in order to maintain accuracy, attention should be paid to adjusting the gap between the slider guide rails, ensuring rigidity, adjusting the bottom dead center, and using auxiliary transmission devices.

Titanium forging materials are mainly pure titanium and titanium alloys with various components. The original state of the materials includes bars, ingots, metal powders and liquid metals. The ratio of the cross-sectional area of ​​the metal before deformation to the cross-sectional area after deformation is called the forging ratio. The correct selection of forging ratio, reasonable heating temperature and holding time, reasonable initial forging temperature and final forging temperature, reasonable deformation amount and deformation speed have a great relationship to improve product quality and reduce costs. Generally, round or square rods are used as blanks for small and medium forgings. The grain structure and mechanical properties of the bar are uniform and good, the shape and size are accurate, and the surface quality is good, which is convenient for mass production. As long as the heating temperature and deformation conditions are reasonably controlled, forgings with excellent properties can be forged without large forging deformation.
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Application status of medical titanium rod and medical titanium wire in the field of medical device production in China

Aiming at the problem of cracks and fragments that often occur in titanium carbide alloys during welding and use. In order to improve the strength and toughness of titanium alloys and prevent cracks and fragments, the proposed process improvement measures for improving the strength and toughness of the alloy are as follows:

Too high a temperature will speed up the growth of titanium carbide grains. 1 Sintering temperature 　 The final sintering temperature of titanium carbide high manganese steel-bonded cemented carbide is generally 1420 ℃. The sintering temperature should not be too high. Even the bonding phase becomes the liquid phase and the metal is lost so that the hard phase abuts, aggregates and grows up, forming a source of fragmentation. This is the reason why the bonding phase between the hard phase crystal grains analyzed earlier has become less. Of course, the sintering temperature should not be too low, otherwise, the alloy will be underburned.

Especially in the three stages of degumming, reduction and liquid phase sintering, 2 the heating rate during sintering is not suitable for such alloys. It is necessary to strictly control the heating rate and holding time. Because in the low-temperature degumming stage, the compaction releases the compression stress and the forming agent volatilizes. If the heating speed is fast, the forming agent is too late to volatilize and becomes steam after liquefaction, causing the compaction to burst or microcrack; above 900℃ In the reduction stage, the green compact should have enough time to remove the volatiles and oxygen in the raw material powder (such as Mn2Fe master alloy); when entering the liquid phase sintering stage, the heating rate should also be slowed down to fully alloy the green compact. The sintering principle of steel-bonded cemented carbide is the wetting principle. Let the liquid phase fully wet the solid phase (hard phase), otherwise, the liquid-phase metal FeMn will be precipitated on the surface of the compact, or even lost.

In addition to the aforementioned need to control the sintering temperature and speed, the vacuum in the 3 furnaces enters the liquid phase sintering stage. It is also necessary to control the vacuum degree in the furnace during sintering because too high a vacuum degree will volatilize a large amount of liquid metal and cause component segregation.

Aiming at the problem of cracks and fragments that often occur in titanium carbide alloys during welding and use. In order to improve the strength and toughness of titanium alloys and prevent cracks and fragments, the proposed process improvement measures for improving the strength and toughness of the alloy are as follows:

Too high a temperature will speed up the growth of titanium carbide grains. 1 Sintering temperature 　 The final sintering temperature of titanium carbide high manganese steel-bonded cemented carbide is generally 1420 ℃. The sintering temperature should not be too high. Even the bonding phase becomes the liquid phase and the metal is lost so that the hard phase abuts, aggregates and grows up, forming a source of fragmentation. This is the reason why the bonding phase between the hard phase crystal grains analyzed earlier has become less. Of course, the sintering temperature should not be too low, otherwise, the alloy will be underburned.

Especially in the three stages of degumming, reduction and liquid phase sintering, 2 the heating rate during sintering is not suitable for such alloys. It is necessary to strictly control the heating rate and holding time. Because in the low-temperature degumming stage, the compaction releases the compression stress and the forming agent volatilizes. If the heating speed is fast, the forming agent is too late to volatilize and becomes steam after liquefaction, causing the compaction to burst or microcrack; above 900℃ In the reduction stage, the green compact should have enough time to remove the volatiles and oxygen in the raw material powder (such as Mn2Fe master alloy); when entering the liquid phase sintering stage, the heating rate should also be slowed down to fully alloy the green compact. The sintering principle of steel-bonded cemented carbide is the wetting principle. Let the liquid phase fully wet the solid phase (hard phase), otherwise, the liquid-phase metal FeMn will be precipitated on the surface of the compact, or even lost.

In addition to the aforementioned need to control the sintering temperature and speed, the vacuum in the 3 furnaces enters the liquid phase sintering stage. It is also necessary to control the vacuum degree in the furnace during sintering because too high a vacuum degree will volatilize a large amount of liquid metal and cause component segregation.
Grade 36 Titanium Bar     Gr9 Ti-3Al-2.5V Titanium Wire     titanium tube grade 9     Grade 12 Titanium Pipe