Effect of Different Forging Processes on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TC4 Titanium Rod and Titanium Alloy Forgings

Titanium alloy material is the heart of aircraft, and aero-engine has always been the focus of research and investment in various countries. Titanium alloys have been widely used in aero engines due to their excellent thermal strength and high specific strength. Over the years, in order to meet the needs of high-performance aero-engines, developed countries in the aviation industry such as Europe, America, and Russia have attached great importance to the research and development of materials, and have successively developed titanium alloys used in 350-600. Titanium alloy is the second most commonly used material for jet engines after nickel-based superalloys, accounting for more than 1/3 of the engine's structural mass. Calculated by volume, titanium alloy is the most used material in engines.
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Application of titanium rod, titanium wire and titanium plate in shipbuilding industry

When titanium rods and titanium alloy rods are heated to β phase, a → β polymorphic transformation occurs. Sometimes this process is also called recrystallization. The transition temperature of a→β of high purity titanium is 875+-5. But until the β phase is completely formed, it is difficult to observe this process with metallographic methods. The reason why phase β appears at low temperature is unclear. But the experiment pointed out that a and β mutually transform, whether it is heating or cooling, a phase and β phase always maintain a certain Bragg orientation relationship. There has been little research on the polymorphic transformation during heating in titanium alloys.

1. The transformation of titanium rods and titanium alloy rods during slow cooling

When titanium rods and titanium alloy rods are slowly cooled from β phase region to a+β phase region, a polymorphic transition of β→a will occur. It has been confirmed in high-purity titanium that the nucleation of phase a is martensitic at this time, and the growth depends on the thermal activation process. During the nucleation, the surface of the sample also has the relief that is usually caused by the martensitic transformation, and it also maintains a strict orientation relationship with the parent phase.

2. Transition in rapid cooling

The transformation of titanium rods and titanium alloy rods during rapid cooling from the β phase region and the transformation products are different with the content of β stabilizing elements. Martensitic transformation: 1.a`Block martensite cannot measure the orientation relationship; acicular martensite a` and β phase maintain the Bragg orientation relationship. The inertia plane is (334) β or (344). ) Β. 2.a" is found in Ti-Mo, Ti-W, Ti-Re, but not in Ti-V system; a" lattice parameter changes with composition; a" means that the plasticity of titanium alloy decreases.

Quenching ω phase formation: ω is a very small particle, which can only be observed by electron microscopy; ω increases the elastic modulus and hardness, and decreases the plasticity. The measurement of recrystallization mainly adopts the method of combining metallographic observation and X-ray diffraction. When recrystallization occurs, fine equiaxed grains appear on the deformed fibrous structure, and at the same time, the diffraction rings on the X-ray back-reflected Laue diagram begin to become unconnected spots. For heat-treatable β alloys, incomplete aging (500/4 to 8 hours, air cooling) can also be used to display the recrystallized structure, and the unrecrystallized grains after incomplete aging will appear dark after corrosion.
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Feasible methods for the application, characteristics and cost reduction of titanium alloy materials in the automotive industry

Forging is a forming and processing method that applies external force to titanium metal blanks (excluding plates) to produce plastic deformation, change size, shape, and improve performance to manufacture mechanical parts, workpieces, tools or blanks. In addition, according to the movement of the slider, there is a vertical and horizontal movement of the slider (forging of slender parts, lubrication and cooling, and forging of high-speed production parts). The compensation device can increase the movement in other directions. The above methods are different, and the required forging force, process, material utilization rate, output, dimensional tolerance and lubrication cooling method are different. These factors are also factors that affect the level of automation.

According to the moving mode of the blank, forging can be divided into free forging, upsetting, extrusion, die forging, closed die forging, and closed upsetting. Closed die forging and closed upsetting have high material utilization because there is no flash. It is possible to complete the finishing of complex forgings with one process or several processes. Because there is no flash, the force-bearing area of ​​the forging is reduced, and the required load is also reduced. However, it should be noted that the blanks cannot be completely restricted. For this reason, the volume of the blanks should be strictly controlled, the relative position of the forging dies and the measurement of the forgings should be controlled, so as to reduce the wear of the forging dies.

According to the movement mode of the forging die, forging can be divided into swing rolling, swing swivel forging, roll forging, cross wedge rolling, ring rolling and cross rolling. Pendulum rolling, pendulum rotary forging and ring rolling can also be processed by precision forging. In order to improve the utilization rate of materials, roll forging and cross rolling can be used as the pre-process processing of slender materials. Rotary forging, like free forging, is also partially formed. Its advantage is that it can be formed even when the forging force is smaller compared with the size of the forging. In this forging method, including free forging, the material expands from the vicinity of the die surface to the free surface during processing. Therefore, it is difficult to ensure accuracy. Therefore, the movement direction of the forging die and the swaging process can be controlled by a computer. The forging force of the company can obtain products with complex shapes and high precision, such as forgings such as steam turbine blades with a variety of production and large sizes.

In order to obtain high accuracy, attention should be paid to prevent overload at the bottom dead center and control the speed and mold position. Because these will have an impact on forging tolerances, shape accuracy and forging die life. In addition, in order to maintain accuracy, attention should be paid to adjusting the gap between the slider guide rails, ensuring rigidity, adjusting the bottom dead center, and using auxiliary transmission devices.

Titanium forging materials are mainly pure titanium and titanium alloys with various components. The original state of the materials includes bars, ingots, metal powders and liquid metals. The ratio of the cross-sectional area of ​​the metal before deformation to the cross-sectional area after deformation is called the forging ratio. The correct selection of forging ratio, reasonable heating temperature and holding time, reasonable initial forging temperature and final forging temperature, reasonable deformation amount and deformation speed have a great relationship to improve product quality and reduce costs. Generally, round or square rods are used as blanks for small and medium forgings. The grain structure and mechanical properties of the bar are uniform and good, the shape and size are accurate, and the surface quality is good, which is convenient for mass production. As long as the heating temperature and deformation conditions are reasonably controlled, forgings with excellent properties can be forged without large forging deformation.
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Application status of medical titanium rod and medical titanium wire in the field of medical device production in China

Aiming at the problem of cracks and fragments that often occur in titanium carbide alloys during welding and use. In order to improve the strength and toughness of titanium alloys and prevent cracks and fragments, the proposed process improvement measures for improving the strength and toughness of the alloy are as follows:

Too high a temperature will speed up the growth of titanium carbide grains. 1 Sintering temperature 　 The final sintering temperature of titanium carbide high manganese steel-bonded cemented carbide is generally 1420 ℃. The sintering temperature should not be too high. Even the bonding phase becomes the liquid phase and the metal is lost so that the hard phase abuts, aggregates and grows up, forming a source of fragmentation. This is the reason why the bonding phase between the hard phase crystal grains analyzed earlier has become less. Of course, the sintering temperature should not be too low, otherwise, the alloy will be underburned.

Especially in the three stages of degumming, reduction and liquid phase sintering, 2 the heating rate during sintering is not suitable for such alloys. It is necessary to strictly control the heating rate and holding time. Because in the low-temperature degumming stage, the compaction releases the compression stress and the forming agent volatilizes. If the heating speed is fast, the forming agent is too late to volatilize and becomes steam after liquefaction, causing the compaction to burst or microcrack; above 900℃ In the reduction stage, the green compact should have enough time to remove the volatiles and oxygen in the raw material powder (such as Mn2Fe master alloy); when entering the liquid phase sintering stage, the heating rate should also be slowed down to fully alloy the green compact. The sintering principle of steel-bonded cemented carbide is the wetting principle. Let the liquid phase fully wet the solid phase (hard phase), otherwise, the liquid-phase metal FeMn will be precipitated on the surface of the compact, or even lost.

In addition to the aforementioned need to control the sintering temperature and speed, the vacuum in the 3 furnaces enters the liquid phase sintering stage. It is also necessary to control the vacuum degree in the furnace during sintering because too high a vacuum degree will volatilize a large amount of liquid metal and cause component segregation.

Aiming at the problem of cracks and fragments that often occur in titanium carbide alloys during welding and use. In order to improve the strength and toughness of titanium alloys and prevent cracks and fragments, the proposed process improvement measures for improving the strength and toughness of the alloy are as follows:

Too high a temperature will speed up the growth of titanium carbide grains. 1 Sintering temperature 　 The final sintering temperature of titanium carbide high manganese steel-bonded cemented carbide is generally 1420 ℃. The sintering temperature should not be too high. Even the bonding phase becomes the liquid phase and the metal is lost so that the hard phase abuts, aggregates and grows up, forming a source of fragmentation. This is the reason why the bonding phase between the hard phase crystal grains analyzed earlier has become less. Of course, the sintering temperature should not be too low, otherwise, the alloy will be underburned.

Especially in the three stages of degumming, reduction and liquid phase sintering, 2 the heating rate during sintering is not suitable for such alloys. It is necessary to strictly control the heating rate and holding time. Because in the low-temperature degumming stage, the compaction releases the compression stress and the forming agent volatilizes. If the heating speed is fast, the forming agent is too late to volatilize and becomes steam after liquefaction, causing the compaction to burst or microcrack; above 900℃ In the reduction stage, the green compact should have enough time to remove the volatiles and oxygen in the raw material powder (such as Mn2Fe master alloy); when entering the liquid phase sintering stage, the heating rate should also be slowed down to fully alloy the green compact. The sintering principle of steel-bonded cemented carbide is the wetting principle. Let the liquid phase fully wet the solid phase (hard phase), otherwise, the liquid-phase metal FeMn will be precipitated on the surface of the compact, or even lost.

In addition to the aforementioned need to control the sintering temperature and speed, the vacuum in the 3 furnaces enters the liquid phase sintering stage. It is also necessary to control the vacuum degree in the furnace during sintering because too high a vacuum degree will volatilize a large amount of liquid metal and cause component segregation.
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Effect of Alloying Elements on Welding Properties in Titanium and Titanium Tubes

Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, various departments due to its excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and process performance. In chemical production, titanium replaces stainless steel, nickel-based alloys and other rare metals as corrosion-resistant materials to increase output, improve product quality, extend equipment life, reduce energy consumption, reduce costs, prevent pollution, improve working conditions, and increase productivity. Has a very important meaning. The scope of titanium materials used in China's chemical industry is expanding, and consumption is increasing year by year. Titanium alloy standard parts have become one of the important anti-corrosion materials. As an anti-corrosion structural material used in chemical plants, titanium has attracted more and more attention from the engineering community.

1. Chlor-alkali industry

The chlor-alkali industry is an important raw material industry, and its production and development have a great impact on the national economy. The corrosion resistance of titanium alloy standard parts to chloride ions is better than that of commonly used stainless steel and other non-ferrous metals. At present, titanium alloy standard parts are widely used in the manufacture of metal anode electrolyzers, ion-exchange membrane electrolyzers, wet chlorine coolers, refined brine preheaters, dechlorination towers and chlorine cooling scrubbers. In the past, the main components of equipment were mostly non-metallic materials, with poor mechanical properties, thermal stability and processing performance, resulting in large equipment weight, high energy consumption, and short life span, affecting product quality and polluting the environment.

2. Soda ash industry

Alkali is one of the most basic chemical raw materials and is closely related to the development of the national economy. In the production process of soda ash, the gas medium is mostly NH3 and CO2. The main body of the carbonization tower tube, hot mother liquid cooler, cooler, crystallization external cooler, etc. is used for high-concentration solution, carbon drink, cast iron material for carbonation reaction. The equipment is not resistant to corrosion, has serious corrosion and leakage, and has a service life of no more than three years.

Titanium alloy standard parts are called "Future Metal" because of their light weight, high strength, strong heat resistance and corrosion resistance, and are a new type of structural material with development prospects. Titanium alloy standard parts not only have important applications in the aerospace field, but also have been widely used in chemical, petroleum, light industry, power generation and other industries.
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Development and application of titanium castings and large titanium rod casting technology

Features of titanium rod filter:

1. No particles fall off, no pollution to the liquid medicine, in line with food hygiene and pharmaceutical GMP requirements.

2. High temperature resistance (300℃ wet state), acid and alkali corrosion resistance, strong oxidation resistance, suitable for various environments.

3. Low pressure difference, small footprint, large flow, 0.2 MPa can reach the maximum flow.

4. Good mechanical properties, press filter and suction filter, simple operation. (Reverse type no residual liquid decarburization filtration, heat preservation filtration)

5. It can be regenerated online, is easy to clean (preparation of cleaning formula), and has a long service life (more than 3 years of normal use)

Application of titanium rod filter:

1. In the pharmaceutical industry, decarburization filtration in the concentrated formulation of large infusions, small injections, eye drops, and oral liquids, and protective filtration before terminal filtration in the dilution process.

2. The impurity removal filtration of steam respirator in the production of raw materials, the decarbonization filtration and fine filtration of materials.

3. The filtration of compressed air in the production of tablets and capsules, and the filtration of other industrial gases.

4. Ultrafiltration, RO, EDI security filtration in the water treatment industry, aeration mixed filtration in ozone disinfection.

5. Clarification and filtration of beverages, liquor, beer, vegetable oil, mineral water, vinegar and soy sauce in food and beverages.

6. Precision filtration of liquid products, liquid raw materials, and pharmaceutical intermediates in the chemical industry; filtration of powdered activated carbon; filtration, washing, and recovery of ultra-fine crystal catalysts; precision filtration after resin adsorption, and removal of impurities in system heat transfer oil and materials Filtration, purification of catalytic gas, etc.

7. Filtration of oil field reinjection water. In oil exploitation, the early injection of high-quality water into low-permeability oil fields is the long-term fundamental guarantee for supplementing energy and stabilizing production in low-permeability oil fields. The accuracy of particles in the water treated by the titanium filter element can reach more than 1-2μm, and the particle content Within 2mg/L.
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Many titanium alloys are mainly used in the aerospace industry for their excellent mechanical properties

The titanium threaded coil evaporator is often used for heating and cooling the inside of the container. Its working principle is that the refrigerant in the titanium tube and the refrigerant in the plastic shell exchange energy between the two. According to the cleanliness and corrosion of the material, the coils in two fixed ways can be disassembled and not disassembled, but in the design, It should be used for coil cleaning and repair as much as possible.

The titanium brush heat exchanger is a heat exchange device that transfers part of the heat from the hot fluid made of high-quality titanium tubes to the cold fluid. Titanium heat exchanger has many advantages over industrial pure titanium. It is general equipment in many industrial sectors such as the chemical industry, petroleum, electric power, food, etc., and it plays an important role in production.

The manufacturing technology of the titanium coil heat exchanger is relatively simple, but it is very troublesome to determine the mold size. Each time a steel coil of one specification is processed, many talents are repeatedly trial-produced to determine the mold size required for the diameter of the steel coil, which is a waste of material and time. If the mold size for the required coil diameter can be determined immediately, it will be twice the result with half the effort. Therefore, the rules are found through experiments and the learned formulas are used to provide assistance for making the titanium coil heat exchanger.
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