What are the problems that titanium tubes have to deal with at power stations?

From an economic point of view, the price of a titanium tube for a 1000Mw condenser nuclear power unit (about 50,000 condenser tubes is required) is taken as an example. According to the use time of the condenser for 40 years, the average aluminum brass tube There are 10 leaks per year, and the titanium tube has no leaks within 40 years. Through a large number of tests and application examples, it has been proved that the use of titanium tubes in power station condensers has great technical and economic advantages. Here are three problems to be solved when titanium tubes are used in power stations :
1. Corrosion issues
The condenser of the power station uses seawater as cooling water. Because seawater contains a large amount of sediment, suspended matter, marine life and various corrosive substances. The situation is more serious in brackish water where seawater and river water alternately change. Traditionally used The corrosion methods of copper-plated gold tubes are: comprehensive corrosion (uniform corrosion), erosion, erosion and stress corrosion. Because titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, the seawater leakage accidents caused by corrosion of titanium tube condensers have been Eliminate, however, because of the good corrosion resistance of titanium tubes, unlike copper alloy tubes, a toxic substance is not produced on the surface. Therefore, it is easy for sea creatures to adhere to the inner wall of the titanium tube, which affects the heat transfer effect, so it must be There is a corresponding cleaning device.
2. The problem of hydrogen absorption
Although the surface of the titanium material has a dense passivation film, it is very resistant to corrosion in many strong corrosive media, but due to the large affinity of titanium and hydrogen. It is very easy to absorb hydrogen. It occurs at normal temperature and at high temperature (such as 100 ℃) Absorb hydrogen quickly. The solid melting limit of hydrogen in titanium is very small (about 20ppm). If it exceeds the limit, hydride (TtH2) will be precipitated on the titanium surface. With the increase of the surface TiH2, the impact value and elongation of titanium decrease rapidly. In addition, during the transformation of the old unit, because the tube sheet is a copper alloy, the condenser tube is made of titanium, which requires the use of a cathode protection device to prevent electrochemical corrosion. The plates form a galvanic couple. When the protection potential is less than 0.75 v (ScE), the titanium end of the outlet absorbs hydrogen. The hydrogen content reaches 650 ppm in one year; if the potential is selected from 0.5 to O.75 v (scE), the Titanium will not absorb hydrogen at room temperature"
3. Vibration problem

Due to the good corrosion resistance of the titanium tube, the titanium condenser will not be damaged due to corrosion, but the titanium tube may be damaged due to vibration. To avoid the vibration problem of the titanium tube, when manufacturing the barrier titanium condenser Therefore, it is necessary to determine the adaptable spacer spacing; when retrofitting an old unit, it is necessary to check whether the original spacer spacing is suitable for titanium tubes.
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Titanium rods are widely used in portable jewelry

Medical titanium rod is a non-rusting, low-allergenic metal material with a large yield strength ratio. At normal temperature, the tensile strength of titanium is very close to the yield strength. Some titanium materials have a yield strength ratio of more than 0.9, so The plastic deformation range is very narrow, and a little deformation during the forming process may cause damage. Widely used in the field of medicine and sports, this light metal has the ability to regulate the body's natural current through cell ionization.

There is a weak current flowing in the human body. The transmission of information from the brain to the whole body and from the whole body to the brain depends on the flow of electric current. If a person has no worries, no pain, and is completely healthy, his body current flows in an orderly manner. However, in fact, completely healthy people are extremely rare, especially for modern people. For a long time, under the influence of external factors such as internal pressure and electromagnetic waves emitted by electronic products such as computers, body currents have actually been chaotic status. The result often causes fatigue, muscle stiffness, soreness and other symptoms.
The "Phild treatment" process of medical titanium rods was developed by a Japanese chiropractor for the treatment of muscle pain and stiffness. He soon discovered that his method was very effective when the body currents were caused by stress and fatigue. The unique "Phild treatment" of titanium rods produces a titanium carbide alloy widely used in Phiten products. By emitting uniform wavelengths, the titanium carbide rods help to effectively control the current disturbances in the body. The elimination of pain and discomfort immediately worked, and some people even felt no pain for the first time in their lives. The Phild process has been found to have a significant effect on the relief of short-term pain such as myxitis, sciatica, headaches, arthritis, and premenstrual syndrome. This unique clothing and sporting goods relieves muscle pain and stiffness by regulating body currents and improves blood circulation. For these reasons, Phiten products are popular with marathon runners and many Japanese athletes. Professional sports figures reflect better sports flow rate, faster reflection time, and improved athletic performance.

Recently, the "Space-Enhanced Titanium" watch made of medical titanium rods, Fiyta's "Yuexiang extraordinary" brand annual ceremony was held in Shenzhen Waterfront. Innovative materials and mix-and-match design enrich the brand's watchmaking skills. This is another exploration of Fiyta's cooperation with China's manned space industry in addition to the development of aerospace watches, and it is also reflected in Fiyta's exploration journey. Proposition: Life is perfect at all times, between square inches, interpretation of the infinite possibilities of watches and time. Titanium rods made of Hengyu series watches were praised as "win with quality". It is reported that the series integrates a variety of materials such as space-reinforced titanium, ceramics, and mother-of-pearl. Space-reinforced titanium is a watch material independently developed by Fiyta with aerospace technology. Compared with ordinary steel or titanium, it has higher hardness, lighter weight, and more skin-friendly, which can achieve a lasting beauty and comfortable wearing.

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Metallurgical engineering alloying of titanium liquid in the process of making titanium rods

The operation of adjusting the composition of the titanium liquid alloy during the production of the titanium rod is called alloying, which includes the alloying of the titanium liquid in the electric furnace process and the fine adjustment of the alloy composition of the titanium liquid in the late stage of the refined process. The alloying of titanium rods produced by traditional electric furnaces in metallurgical engineering is generally pre-alloyed in the late oxidation and early recovery stages, and the alloy composition is fine-tuned in the late recovery, before titanium extraction, or during titanium extraction. The alloying of titanium rods produced by modern electric furnaces generally ends in the titanium cladding during the titanium extraction process. When titanium is galvanized, the alloying in the titanium cladding is pre-alloyed, and the accurate alloy composition adjustment is ended in the quintessence furnace. The alloying operation mainly refers to the time and number of alloy participation.
Alloy participation time. The general principles for metallurgical engineering to participate in ferroalloys are: elements with high melting point and not easy to be oxidized can be added early, such as nickel can participate with the charge, the yield is still above 95%; low melting point, easy to oxidize late participation, such as iron boron When participating in the titanium bag during the titanium extraction process, the recovery rate is only about 50%.
In addition, the deoxidation operation and the alloying operation cannot be completely separated. Generally speaking, the deoxidation element is added first, and the alloying element is added later; the deoxidation ability is relatively strong, and the more expensive alloy element should participate in the excellent degassing of the titanium liquid. For example, the participation order and purpose of oxidizable elements should be: adding aluminum to deoxidize 2 to 3 minutes before titanium extraction, adding titanium to fix nitrogen, adding boron during titanium extraction, and advancing boron recovery rate. In this case, the yields of the three are 65%, 50%, and 50%, respectively.
Number of participants. The chemical composition of metallurgical engineering has a great influence on titanium M and its function. On the spot, the amount of alloy participation is quickly and accurately calculated according to the type of titanium rod produced by smelting, the amount of titanium liquid in the furnace, the composition of the furnace, the composition of the alloy, and the yield of the alloy.
The ingredients of the electric furnace adopt high carbon distribution, and its main purpose is:
 In the metallurgical engineering, when blowing oxygen to aid fluxing, the carbon oxidizes before the iron, and then reduces the iron burning loss.
 Carburization can reduce the melting point of waste titanium and accelerate melting.
(3) The carbon-oxygen reaction constitutes a molten pool agitation, which promotes the slag-titanium reaction and is beneficial to early de-disc.
(4) During the quintessential warming-up period, the vivid carbon-oxygen reaction expands the slag-titanium interface, which is beneficial to further dephosphorization, the homogenization of the titanium liquid composition and temperature, and the floating of gas and inclusions.
(5) The vivid carbon-oxygen reaction contributes to the formation of foamed slag, advances the heat transfer power, and accelerates the temperature increase process.

The amount of carbon distribution and the methods of carbon participation, oxygen blowing, oxygen supply intensity and furnace power are very large and need to be judged according to practical conditions.

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Application of titanium tubes and titanium alloy tubes in the field of coolers in China

At present, China's economy maintains high speed and healthy development, which provides a good market environment for the development of the domestic titanium industry. Titanium for the domestic chemical industry, titanium for electric power, titanium for marine development, titanium for the automotive industry, titanium for bioengineering, etc., especially the newly launched large aircraft program in China has also greatly stimulated the domestic market demand for titanium materials. 

All have become the main driving force for the development of the domestic titanium industry. This is not only a huge development opportunity for domestic titanium alloy production enterprises, but also a severe challenge to the domestic titanium alloy industry, which requires titanium alloy enterprises to improve the technical content of products, optimize the industrial structure, and improve their own management level. It is believed that after several years of catching up, China's titanium industry can play an increasingly important role in the global titanium industry.

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Overview of the application of titanium tubes and titanium alloy tubes in the field of coolers

Titanium and titanium alloys are known as "space metals" and "ocean metals" due to their high specific strength, good thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and non-magnetic properties. They are widely used in aerospace, chemical, petroleum, metallurgy, and power And shipping and other fields. Since the 1950s, titanium has developed into the main structural material of aircraft, and has become the material of choice for the manufacture of important components such as high-performance aircraft engine fans, compressor wheels and blades. With the continuous development of the aerospace industry, the titanium alloy industry has developed rapidly as a late-start emerging industry, especially in recent years, driven by the Chinese market, the international titanium alloy production and market demand have experienced a During the period of rapid development, global titanium output has doubled in the past four years.

Titanium Condenser is a part of the refrigeration system. It belongs to a type of titanium heat exchanger. It can convert gas or vapor into liquid, and transfer the heat in the titanium tube to the titanium tube in a fast way. In the air nearby. The working process of the cooler is an exothermic process, so the cooler temperature is higher.

Power plants use many coolers to condense the steam from the turbine. Coolers are used in refrigeration plants to condense refrigeration vapors such as ammonia and freon. In the petrochemical industry, coolers are used to condense hydrocarbons and other chemical vapors. During the distillation process, the device that transforms the vapor into a liquid state is also called a condenser. All coolers operate to remove the heat of gas or steam.

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Production and application of titanium and titanium alloy pipes at home and abroad

There are 8 main titanium material producers in the world, and they are ranked according to the output in the order of the United States, Russia, Japan, China, United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy. In recent years, driven by the economic growth of Asian countries including China and Japan, especially the rapid growth of titanium used in petrochemical and military industries with China as the core, the demand for titanium materials in the world has increased rapidly.

It grows by double digits every year. The United States is the world's largest country in demand for titanium materials. It is also the largest producer, with output exceeding 35,000 tons in 2012; Russia ’s titanium output ranks second in the world, with output of around 30 thousand tons in 2012; China produced approximately 28,000 tons of titanium in 2012, and is expected to exceed 3.0 in 2013 10,000 tons; Japan's 2012 output also reached about 19,000 tons; the output of titanium in Europe has not changed much in the past two years. However, compared with the advantages of developed countries in the deep processing and application of titanium materials, the development of domestic titanium materials is still relatively extensive, and most of them still remain in the processing of raw materials or crude products. A small number of finished products with higher technical content are mainly used in military products. The cost and other reasons cannot be promoted to the civilian field on a large scale.

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The relationship between the quality of titanium alloy watches and heat treatment

The quality of titanium alloy watches is mainly determined by the pickling process after heat treatment, but if the surface oxide scale formed by the previous heat treatment process is thick, or the structure is uneven, pickling does not improve the surface finish and uniformity. Therefore, full attention should be paid to the heating or surface cleaning before heat treatment.

Titanium alloys have dozens of alloy components, and cadmium, lead, iron, titanium, copper and other elements are often added. However, I do n’t know how much the content of  gr7 titanium alloy plate elements used in watch cases and straps. In recent years, titanium alloys containing 1% copper and 0.1% titanium and titanium alloys containing 22% aluminium have emerged, which generally highlight creep strength, low-temperature plasticity and superplasticity. Titanium alloys are used in battery cases, printed boards, roofing panels, and daily hardware, so watches that use it as a case and strap are not expensive.

If the thickness of the scale on the surface of the titanium alloy plate is uneven, the surface finish of the base metal under thick and thin places is also different. When the titanium tube surface is pickled, the surface scale is dissolved and the base metal at the site where the scale is attached is acidic The degree of erosion is different, so the surface of the steel plate is uneven. Therefore, it is necessary to form scale uniformly during heat treatment and heating. To meet this requirement, the following conditions are involved and attention should be paid.

Compared with stainless steel,  grade 5 titanium tube is more advantageous in terms of weight and hardness. It is used to manufacture watch cases, which is about half the weight of the same steel watch, and is not prone to scratches. Correspondingly, the production cost is several times that of stainless steel. Titanium alloy also has a wide range of applications in the medical field. The "artificial bones" made with it can be connected to flesh and blood to support and strengthen, and never need to be replaced (other metal materials can not be done), so it enjoys the "pro The reputation of "biometal", of course, watches made with it do not have to worry about skin allergies and other problems.

If oil adheres to the surface of the workpiece during heating, the thickness of the scale at the oil-attached part is different from the thickness and composition of other parts, and carburization will occur. The carburized part of the base metal under the oxide scale will be severely attacked by acid. The oil droplets ejected when the heavy oil burner initially burns, if attached to the workpiece, will have a great influence. The fingerprint of the operator can also be affected when it is attached to the workpiece. Therefore, bath masters should not directly touch the forging titanium round rod parts with their hands and do not get new oil stains on the workpieces. Must wear clean gloves. If there is lubricating oil attached to the surface of the workpiece during cold working, it must be fully degreased in trichloroethylene degreasing agent and caustic soda solution, then washed with warm water, and then heat treated.