Feasible methods for the application, characteristics and cost reduction of titanium alloy materials in the automotive industry

Forging is a forming and processing method that applies external force to titanium metal blanks (excluding plates) to produce plastic deformation, change size, shape, and improve performance to manufacture mechanical parts, workpieces, tools or blanks. In addition, according to the movement of the slider, there is a vertical and horizontal movement of the slider (forging of slender parts, lubrication and cooling, and forging of high-speed production parts). The compensation device can increase the movement in other directions. The above methods are different, and the required forging force, process, material utilization rate, output, dimensional tolerance and lubrication cooling method are different. These factors are also factors that affect the level of automation.

According to the moving mode of the blank, forging can be divided into free forging, upsetting, extrusion, die forging, closed die forging, and closed upsetting. Closed die forging and closed upsetting have high material utilization because there is no flash. It is possible to complete the finishing of complex forgings with one process or several processes. Because there is no flash, the force-bearing area of ​​the forging is reduced, and the required load is also reduced. However, it should be noted that the blanks cannot be completely restricted. For this reason, the volume of the blanks should be strictly controlled, the relative position of the forging dies and the measurement of the forgings should be controlled, so as to reduce the wear of the forging dies.

According to the movement mode of the forging die, forging can be divided into swing rolling, swing swivel forging, roll forging, cross wedge rolling, ring rolling and cross rolling. Pendulum rolling, pendulum rotary forging and ring rolling can also be processed by precision forging. In order to improve the utilization rate of materials, roll forging and cross rolling can be used as the pre-process processing of slender materials. Rotary forging, like free forging, is also partially formed. Its advantage is that it can be formed even when the forging force is smaller compared with the size of the forging. In this forging method, including free forging, the material expands from the vicinity of the die surface to the free surface during processing. Therefore, it is difficult to ensure accuracy. Therefore, the movement direction of the forging die and the swaging process can be controlled by a computer. The forging force of the company can obtain products with complex shapes and high precision, such as forgings such as steam turbine blades with a variety of production and large sizes.

In order to obtain high accuracy, attention should be paid to prevent overload at the bottom dead center and control the speed and mold position. Because these will have an impact on forging tolerances, shape accuracy and forging die life. In addition, in order to maintain accuracy, attention should be paid to adjusting the gap between the slider guide rails, ensuring rigidity, adjusting the bottom dead center, and using auxiliary transmission devices.

Titanium forging materials are mainly pure titanium and titanium alloys with various components. The original state of the materials includes bars, ingots, metal powders and liquid metals. The ratio of the cross-sectional area of ​​the metal before deformation to the cross-sectional area after deformation is called the forging ratio. The correct selection of forging ratio, reasonable heating temperature and holding time, reasonable initial forging temperature and final forging temperature, reasonable deformation amount and deformation speed have a great relationship to improve product quality and reduce costs. Generally, round or square rods are used as blanks for small and medium forgings. The grain structure and mechanical properties of the bar are uniform and good, the shape and size are accurate, and the surface quality is good, which is convenient for mass production. As long as the heating temperature and deformation conditions are reasonably controlled, forgings with excellent properties can be forged without large forging deformation.
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Application status of medical titanium rod and medical titanium wire in the field of medical device production in China

Aiming at the problem of cracks and fragments that often occur in titanium carbide alloys during welding and use. In order to improve the strength and toughness of titanium alloys and prevent cracks and fragments, the proposed process improvement measures for improving the strength and toughness of the alloy are as follows:

Too high a temperature will speed up the growth of titanium carbide grains. 1 Sintering temperature 　 The final sintering temperature of titanium carbide high manganese steel-bonded cemented carbide is generally 1420 ℃. The sintering temperature should not be too high. Even the bonding phase becomes the liquid phase and the metal is lost so that the hard phase abuts, aggregates and grows up, forming a source of fragmentation. This is the reason why the bonding phase between the hard phase crystal grains analyzed earlier has become less. Of course, the sintering temperature should not be too low, otherwise, the alloy will be underburned.

Especially in the three stages of degumming, reduction and liquid phase sintering, 2 the heating rate during sintering is not suitable for such alloys. It is necessary to strictly control the heating rate and holding time. Because in the low-temperature degumming stage, the compaction releases the compression stress and the forming agent volatilizes. If the heating speed is fast, the forming agent is too late to volatilize and becomes steam after liquefaction, causing the compaction to burst or microcrack; above 900℃ In the reduction stage, the green compact should have enough time to remove the volatiles and oxygen in the raw material powder (such as Mn2Fe master alloy); when entering the liquid phase sintering stage, the heating rate should also be slowed down to fully alloy the green compact. The sintering principle of steel-bonded cemented carbide is the wetting principle. Let the liquid phase fully wet the solid phase (hard phase), otherwise, the liquid-phase metal FeMn will be precipitated on the surface of the compact, or even lost.

In addition to the aforementioned need to control the sintering temperature and speed, the vacuum in the 3 furnaces enters the liquid phase sintering stage. It is also necessary to control the vacuum degree in the furnace during sintering because too high a vacuum degree will volatilize a large amount of liquid metal and cause component segregation.

Aiming at the problem of cracks and fragments that often occur in titanium carbide alloys during welding and use. In order to improve the strength and toughness of titanium alloys and prevent cracks and fragments, the proposed process improvement measures for improving the strength and toughness of the alloy are as follows:

Too high a temperature will speed up the growth of titanium carbide grains. 1 Sintering temperature 　 The final sintering temperature of titanium carbide high manganese steel-bonded cemented carbide is generally 1420 ℃. The sintering temperature should not be too high. Even the bonding phase becomes the liquid phase and the metal is lost so that the hard phase abuts, aggregates and grows up, forming a source of fragmentation. This is the reason why the bonding phase between the hard phase crystal grains analyzed earlier has become less. Of course, the sintering temperature should not be too low, otherwise, the alloy will be underburned.

Especially in the three stages of degumming, reduction and liquid phase sintering, 2 the heating rate during sintering is not suitable for such alloys. It is necessary to strictly control the heating rate and holding time. Because in the low-temperature degumming stage, the compaction releases the compression stress and the forming agent volatilizes. If the heating speed is fast, the forming agent is too late to volatilize and becomes steam after liquefaction, causing the compaction to burst or microcrack; above 900℃ In the reduction stage, the green compact should have enough time to remove the volatiles and oxygen in the raw material powder (such as Mn2Fe master alloy); when entering the liquid phase sintering stage, the heating rate should also be slowed down to fully alloy the green compact. The sintering principle of steel-bonded cemented carbide is the wetting principle. Let the liquid phase fully wet the solid phase (hard phase), otherwise, the liquid-phase metal FeMn will be precipitated on the surface of the compact, or even lost.

In addition to the aforementioned need to control the sintering temperature and speed, the vacuum in the 3 furnaces enters the liquid phase sintering stage. It is also necessary to control the vacuum degree in the furnace during sintering because too high a vacuum degree will volatilize a large amount of liquid metal and cause component segregation.
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Effect of Alloying Elements on Welding Properties in Titanium and Titanium Tubes

Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, various departments due to its excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and process performance. In chemical production, titanium replaces stainless steel, nickel-based alloys and other rare metals as corrosion-resistant materials to increase output, improve product quality, extend equipment life, reduce energy consumption, reduce costs, prevent pollution, improve working conditions, and increase productivity. Has a very important meaning. The scope of titanium materials used in China's chemical industry is expanding, and consumption is increasing year by year. Titanium alloy standard parts have become one of the important anti-corrosion materials. As an anti-corrosion structural material used in chemical plants, titanium has attracted more and more attention from the engineering community.

1. Chlor-alkali industry

The chlor-alkali industry is an important raw material industry, and its production and development have a great impact on the national economy. The corrosion resistance of titanium alloy standard parts to chloride ions is better than that of commonly used stainless steel and other non-ferrous metals. At present, titanium alloy standard parts are widely used in the manufacture of metal anode electrolyzers, ion-exchange membrane electrolyzers, wet chlorine coolers, refined brine preheaters, dechlorination towers and chlorine cooling scrubbers. In the past, the main components of equipment were mostly non-metallic materials, with poor mechanical properties, thermal stability and processing performance, resulting in large equipment weight, high energy consumption, and short life span, affecting product quality and polluting the environment.

2. Soda ash industry

Alkali is one of the most basic chemical raw materials and is closely related to the development of the national economy. In the production process of soda ash, the gas medium is mostly NH3 and CO2. The main body of the carbonization tower tube, hot mother liquid cooler, cooler, crystallization external cooler, etc. is used for high-concentration solution, carbon drink, cast iron material for carbonation reaction. The equipment is not resistant to corrosion, has serious corrosion and leakage, and has a service life of no more than three years.

Titanium alloy standard parts are called "Future Metal" because of their light weight, high strength, strong heat resistance and corrosion resistance, and are a new type of structural material with development prospects. Titanium alloy standard parts not only have important applications in the aerospace field, but also have been widely used in chemical, petroleum, light industry, power generation and other industries.
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Development and application of titanium castings and large titanium rod casting technology

Features of titanium rod filter:

1. No particles fall off, no pollution to the liquid medicine, in line with food hygiene and pharmaceutical GMP requirements.

2. High temperature resistance (300℃ wet state), acid and alkali corrosion resistance, strong oxidation resistance, suitable for various environments.

3. Low pressure difference, small footprint, large flow, 0.2 MPa can reach the maximum flow.

4. Good mechanical properties, press filter and suction filter, simple operation. (Reverse type no residual liquid decarburization filtration, heat preservation filtration)

5. It can be regenerated online, is easy to clean (preparation of cleaning formula), and has a long service life (more than 3 years of normal use)

Application of titanium rod filter:

1. In the pharmaceutical industry, decarburization filtration in the concentrated formulation of large infusions, small injections, eye drops, and oral liquids, and protective filtration before terminal filtration in the dilution process.

2. The impurity removal filtration of steam respirator in the production of raw materials, the decarbonization filtration and fine filtration of materials.

3. The filtration of compressed air in the production of tablets and capsules, and the filtration of other industrial gases.

4. Ultrafiltration, RO, EDI security filtration in the water treatment industry, aeration mixed filtration in ozone disinfection.

5. Clarification and filtration of beverages, liquor, beer, vegetable oil, mineral water, vinegar and soy sauce in food and beverages.

6. Precision filtration of liquid products, liquid raw materials, and pharmaceutical intermediates in the chemical industry; filtration of powdered activated carbon; filtration, washing, and recovery of ultra-fine crystal catalysts; precision filtration after resin adsorption, and removal of impurities in system heat transfer oil and materials Filtration, purification of catalytic gas, etc.

7. Filtration of oil field reinjection water. In oil exploitation, the early injection of high-quality water into low-permeability oil fields is the long-term fundamental guarantee for supplementing energy and stabilizing production in low-permeability oil fields. The accuracy of particles in the water treated by the titanium filter element can reach more than 1-2μm, and the particle content Within 2mg/L.
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Many titanium alloys are mainly used in the aerospace industry for their excellent mechanical properties

The titanium threaded coil evaporator is often used for heating and cooling the inside of the container. Its working principle is that the refrigerant in the titanium tube and the refrigerant in the plastic shell exchange energy between the two. According to the cleanliness and corrosion of the material, the coils in two fixed ways can be disassembled and not disassembled, but in the design, It should be used for coil cleaning and repair as much as possible.

The titanium brush heat exchanger is a heat exchange device that transfers part of the heat from the hot fluid made of high-quality titanium tubes to the cold fluid. Titanium heat exchanger has many advantages over industrial pure titanium. It is general equipment in many industrial sectors such as the chemical industry, petroleum, electric power, food, etc., and it plays an important role in production.

The manufacturing technology of the titanium coil heat exchanger is relatively simple, but it is very troublesome to determine the mold size. Each time a steel coil of one specification is processed, many talents are repeatedly trial-produced to determine the mold size required for the diameter of the steel coil, which is a waste of material and time. If the mold size for the required coil diameter can be determined immediately, it will be twice the result with half the effort. Therefore, the rules are found through experiments and the learned formulas are used to provide assistance for making the titanium coil heat exchanger.
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Application range of titanium and titanium alloy bellows

Titanium alloy has high strength, low density, good mechanical properties, toughness and corrosion resistance. In addition, titanium alloys have poor processing performance and difficult drilling production and processing. During heat treatment, it is very easy to absorb residues such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon. There are also poor wear resistance and complicated production processes. Industrial production of titanium started in 1948. The development of the aviation industry is necessary for the titanium industry to develop at an average annual growth rate of about 8%. At present, the world's annual output of titanium alloy production and processing materials has reached more than 40,000 tons and nearly 30 types of titanium alloys. The most commonly used titanium alloys are Ti-6Al-4V (TC4), Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (TA7) and industrial pure titanium (TA1, TA2 and TA3).

Titanium alloy is mainly used to make aircraft engine compressor parts, followed by structural parts for rockets, cruise missiles and high-speed aircraft. In the mid-1960s, titanium and aluminum alloys were used in general industry to make electrical grades for electrolysis industry, coolers for power plants, electric heaters for crude oil refining and desalination, and environmental pollution control equipment. Titanium and aluminum alloys have become a kind of corrosion-resistant structural materials. In addition, it is also used to produce hydrogen storage raw materials and shape memory alloys.
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Titanium fittings features:

When the hydrogen content in the titanium tube is too much, the impact toughness and notched tensile strength will drop sharply due to brittleness. Therefore, it is generally stipulated that the hydrogen content in the titanium tube should not exceed 0.015%. In order to reduce the amount of hydrogen absorption, fingerprints, rolling mill marks, grease and other residues should be removed before the parts are heat treated. There is no moisture in the atmosphere of the heat treatment furnace. If the hydrogen content of the titanium tube exceeds the allowable value, it must be removed by vacuum annealing. Vacuum annealing for dehydrogenation is generally maintained at 538-760°C and a pressure lower than 0.066Pa for 2-4 hours.

When the temperature does not exceed 540°C, the oxide film on the surface of the titanium tube will not be significantly thickened. At higher heat treatment temperatures (above 760°C), the oxidation rate will rapidly increase, and oxygen can expand into the material to form a diffusion layer— Pollution layer. The high brittleness ratio of the oxygen contamination layer leads to cracks and damage on the surface of the part. There are mechanical processing methods (such as sandblasting, house cutting, etc.) or chemical methods such as acid washing and chemical milling to remove the oxygen pollution layer. During the heat treatment, the heating time should be as short as possible under the premise of ensuring the heat treatment of the meteorite. It is carried out in a vacuum furnace or an inert gas (argon, nitrogen, etc.) heating furnace. The appropriate application can also avoid or reduce the pollution caused by the titanium tube parts being heated in the air furnace.
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Process for controlling heat equipment in titanium reactor

At present, there are only two industrial methods: the HDH method and the sodium method. However, the sodium method titanium plants have been closed down one after another, so far only the HDH method is still used in the industrial production of titanium rod manufacturers. The centrifugal atomization method and the gas atomization method are mainly used to produce (spherical titanium powder or) spherical titanium alloy powder, but the production volume is not large and can be considered as mass production. The various production methods are summarized below.

In the reduction process of magnesium tetrachloride, there is always a by-product-the outer titanium powder. This kind of titanium powder accounts for a few per cent of sponge titanium products, and its quantity is considerable. Titanium powders with a particle size of less than 0.83mm can be used directly. The sponge titanium produced by the magnesium reduction-vacuum distillation process is poor in quality due to long-term high-temperature sintering, and the proportion of titanium alloy powder is correspondingly small. Therefore, the titanium-magnesium tetrachloride reduction method is not a good method for preparing titanium powder, and only the by-product-the outer titanium alloy powder is obtained.

Grinding is a key step in the production of powdered titanium by the sodium reduction method. The sodium reduction product is a mixture of metallic titanium and NaCl. On the surface of gold and sodium-an extremely covering-layer of NaCl, titanium will not be contaminated by impurities during the grinding process, and most of the heat generated during grinding will be absorbed by NaCl and will not cause Titanium overheats and catches fire, thereby avoiding oxidation of the product. In addition, NaCl can also promote the pulverization of titanium and act as a pulverizing medium. Various mills can be used as grinding equipment.

The process of leaching, washing and drying is basically the same as the process of producing sponge titanium. Because powdered titanium has greater activity, the acid concentration in the leaching solution should be lower. Generally, 0.5%-1.0% hydrochloric acid concentration aqueous solution can be used for leaching. When drying, the temperature should be as low as possible while preventing fire.
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Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance

The passivation of titanium depends on the existence of oxide film. Its corrosion resistance in oxidizing media is much better than that in reducing media, and high-rate corrosion can occur in reducing media. Titanium is not corroded in some corrosive media, such as seawater, wet chlorine, chlorite and hypochlorite solutions, nitric acid, chromic acid, metal chlorides, sulfides, and organic acids. However, in the medium that reacts with titanium to generate hydrogen (such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid), titanium generally has a larger corrosion rate. However, if a small amount of oxidant is added to the acid, the titanium will form a passivation film. Therefore, in a mixture of sulfuric acid-nitric acid or hydrochloric acid-nitric acid, even in hydrochloric acid containing free chlorine, titanium is corrosion-resistant. The protective oxide film of titanium is often formed when the metal comes into contact with water, even in the presence of a small amount of water or water vapor. If titanium is exposed to a strong oxidizing environment with no water at all, it can quickly oxidize and produce violent, often spontaneous combustion reactions. This type of behavior has occurred in the reaction of titanium with fuming nitric acid containing excessive nitrogen oxides and titanium with dry chlorine gas. However, to prevent the occurrence of reactions in this state, a certain amount of water is necessary.
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Feasible method and process for reducing cost of titanium and titanium alloy materials

1. Consider the structure of the workpiece

When designing the structure of the workpiece, not only the use performance of the workpiece should be considered, but also the adaptability of this structure to the processing process. The processing methods corresponding to different workpiece structures are different, in order to ensure the processing of thin-walled parts. The accuracy of the workpiece structure is particularly important. Generally speaking, the application of thin-walled parts processed from titanium alloy plates has higher accuracy requirements and usage requirements. The deformation of the parts will not only cause difficulties in the process of installation, but also may not be able to complete the design parts. What needs to be done. Therefore, in order to avoid deformation of the workpiece during processing, first, consider designing the workpiece into a symmetrical structure. This structure enables the release of internal forces of each part of the workpiece during processing to be synchronized to avoid internal force distribution. Unequal conditions. Second, in the design of the thin plate, try to ensure that the thickness of the entire thin plate is as consistent as possible, and at some corners of the workpiece, due to processing or heat treatment, stress concentration may occur. The transition can be made by designing the corner to a circular arc structure. , Thereby reducing the deformation of the workpiece.

2. Consider from the perspective of workpiece clamping

The thin-walled parts themselves are thinner and only have lower stiffness, that is to say, the ability of the workpiece to resist elastic deformation is weak. Therefore, during the processing of the workpiece, the clamping will also affect the workpiece to a large extent. Deformed. The clamping is mainly used to fix the workpiece, and the clamping is used to locate the workpiece and ensure the stability of the workpiece during processing, as shown in Figure 3. Unreasonable clamping position and clamping force will cause the machining accuracy to decrease. Therefore, when selecting the clamping position, try to ensure that the clamping positions are in a symmetrical relationship, and the clamping force can be adjusted according to the rigidity of the workpiece. When the rigidity of the workpiece is high, a larger clamping force can be selected, but special attention should be paid to the fact that when the rigidity of the workpiece is low, an appropriate clamping force must be selected, otherwise it is easy to cause deformation of the workpiece during processing.

3. Consider from heat treatment

The general heat treatment of the workpiece is completed by quenching and artificial aging treatment, and the timing of the heat treatment of the workpiece is very important to reduce the deformation of the workpiece. Because when the workpiece is heat treated, the temperature stress and phase change stress will be generated inside the workpiece due to the change of the workpiece's own temperature, which is the main reason for the deformation of the workpiece. At the same time, heat treatment can not destroy the mechanical properties of the workpiece, so it is generally considered to arrange the timing of the heat treatment before the rough machining of the blank. Therefore, the timing of heat treatment should be rationalized as much as possible, so as to ensure the mechanical properties of the workpiece and reduce the deformation caused by the heat treatment of the workpiece.

4. Consider from the process method and cutting fluid

In the process arrangement of workpiece processing, firstly, according to the different composition and structure of different types of workpieces, the process arrangement should be carried out. Among them, special attention should be paid to the analysis of the easily deformed parts of the workpiece during processing, and whether Reduce the amount of deformation of the workpiece through some adjustments in the process. Secondly, when roughing the workpiece, it is necessary to reserve a large cutting margin at the beginning, and do a good job of positioning the reference surface. As the workpiece is processed, it is necessary to always pay attention to the correction of the reference surface, because the processing The reduction of the margin in the process will inevitably bring about a change in the reference level. The choice of cutting fluid is mainly based on the nature of processing and processing tools. The reasonable use of cutting fluid according to different process arrangements and tool usage will help improve the efficiency of workpiece processing.

5. Elimination of residual stress of thin-walled parts

The initial residual stress of thin-walled parts is generally determined by the heating factors of the blank material, and the processing residual stress is generally reflected after the processing of the thin-walled parts, so the research on the residual stress is worth paying attention to, how to predict The influence of residual stress and how to eliminate the influence of residual stress on the processing quality of parts.

Although the source of the residual stress in thin-walled parts is known, its influence on the deformation of thin-walled parts in processing can not be accurately determined, because the residual stress of thin-walled parts leads to deformation of thin-walled parts, which are generally caused by heating factors and mechanical forces. The result of the effect. At present, the control of residual stress generally uses the current more popular finite element analysis method to establish a finite element model of thin-walled parts and uses numerical analysis to predict the impact of residual stress. In addition, this method can not only simulate the results of deformation correction of thin-walled parts but also predict springback.

At present, the methods to eliminate residual stress of workpiece blanks include pre-stretching, vibration aging, aging annealing and cryogenic treatment. Among these methods, the cryogenic treatment application is the most successful. Cryogenic treatment can effectively reduce the residual stress in thin-walled parts. At the same time, the treatment can also increase the hardness and strength of the parts, improve the wear resistance of the workpiece, and increase the service life of the parts. In addition, cryogenic treatment can ensure the dimensional accuracy of the parts and improve the internal stress distribution in the parts. To reduce the impact of machining residual stress on the deformation of parts, it is still necessary to start from the aspect of reducing cutting heat.
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What is the difference between hot rolled titanium plate and cold rolled titanium plate?

Titanium alloy is an alloy composed of other elements based on titanium element. Titanium has two kinds of isomorphic crystals: Titanium is an allotrope with a melting point of 1668°C and a close-packed hexagonal lattice structure below 882°C, called α-titanium; it is body-centered cubic above 882°C Character structure, called β-titanium. Using the different characteristics of the above two structures of titanium, adding appropriate alloying elements to gradually change the phase transformation temperature and component content to obtain titanium alloys with different structures.

Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen are the main impurities in titanium alloys. Oxygen and nitrogen have greater solubility in the α phase, which has a significant strengthening effect on the titanium alloy, but it reduces plasticity. It is usually stipulated that the oxygen and nitrogen content in titanium should be below 0.15-0.2% and 0.04-0.05%, respectively. The solubility of hydrogen in the α phase is very small, and too much hydrogen dissolved in the titanium alloy will produce hydrides, which will make the alloy brittle. Generally, the hydrogen content in titanium alloys is controlled below 0.015%.
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Related processing requirements for titanium alloy rods:

In 1947, people began to smelt titanium in factories. That year, the output was only 2 tons. Production surged to 20,000 tons in 1955. In 1972, the annual output reached 200,000 tons. The hardness of titanium is about the same as that of steel, and its weight is almost half that of steel of the same volume. Although titanium is slightly heavier than aluminum, its hardness is twice that of aluminum. Now, in space rockets and missiles, a large amount of titanium is used instead of steel. According to statistics, the world's titanium used for space navigation every year has reached more than 1,000 tons of extremely fine titanium powder, which is also good fuel for rockets, so titanium is known as cosmic metal and space metal.

Titanium has good heat resistance, and its melting point is as high as 1725°C. At room temperature, titanium can lie in a variety of strong acid and alkali solutions. Even the most ferocious acid, aqua regia, cannot corrode it. Titanium is not afraid of seawater. Someone once sunk a piece of titanium to the bottom of the sea. Five years later, he took it up and took a look. There were many small animals and seabed plants stuck on it, but there was no rust at all, and it was still shiny.

Now, people are beginning to use titanium to make submarines-titanium submarines. Because titanium is very strong and can withstand high pressure, this submarine can sail in deep seas as deep as 4500 meters.

Titanium is corrosion-resistant, so it is often used in the chemical industry. In the past, stainless steel was used for the parts containing hot nitric acid in chemical reactors. Stainless steel is also afraid of the strong corrosive-hot nitric acid. This kind of parts must be replaced every six months. Now, titanium is used to make these parts. Although the cost is more expensive than stainless steel parts, it can be used continuously for five years, which is much more cost-effective to calculate.

The biggest disadvantage of titanium is that it is difficult to extract. The main reason is that titanium has a strong ability to combine with oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and many other elements at high temperatures. Therefore, no matter when smelting or casting, people are careful to prevent these elements from "invading" titanium. When smelting titanium, air and water are of course strictly forbidden. Even the alumina crucible commonly used in metallurgy is also forbidden to use because titanium will take oxygen from the alumina. At present, people use magnesium and titanium tetrachloride to interact with inert gas-helium or argon to extract titanium.

People take advantage of the extremely strong chemical ability of titanium at high temperatures. During steelmaking, nitrogen is easily dissolved in the molten steel. When the steel ingot is cooled, bubbles are formed in the steel ingot, which affects the quality of the steel. Therefore, the steelworkers add titanium metal to the molten steel to combine with nitriding to become slag-titanium nitride, which floats on the surface of the molten steel, so that the steel ingot is relatively pure.

When a supersonic aircraft is flying, the temperature of its wings can reach 500°C. If the wing is made of relatively heat-resistant aluminum alloy, one to two or three hundred degrees will be overwhelming. There must be light, tough, and high-temperature resistant material to replace the aluminum alloy ethyl titanium to meet these requirements. Titanium can withstand the test of more than one hundred degrees below zero. At this low temperature, titanium still has good toughness without being brittle.
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What types of corrosion of titanium pipe include?

The corrosion form of titanium includes two categories: general corrosion and local corrosion: general corrosion is a form that is completely and uniformly corroded; local corrosion is a form of local corrosion relative to general corrosion. It can be divided into: crevice corrosion, spot Corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, galvanic corrosion, abrasion, hydrogen absorption and hydrogen embrittlement.

1. Crevice corrosion: Corrosion that occurs between the flanges or flanges and the gaps near the deposits generally occurs in the narrow gaps.

2. Pitting corrosion: Corrosion that occurs in the process of opening holes, such as the corrosion phenomenon caused by the presence of halogen ions such as C1-, B-wide, and I-.

3. Stress corrosion cracking: In a specific environment, due to the effect of tensile stress, a kind of brittle failure.

4. Abrasion: The fluid promotes electrochemical corrosion due to mechanical action.

5. Galvanic corrosion: also known as dissimilar metal contact corrosion, it is a phenomenon that promotes the corrosion of the metal with the lower potential in the state of electrical short-circuit.

6. Hydrogen absorption and hydrogen embrittlement: Take hydrogen out of the material. When the amount of hydrogen taken out exceeds the solid solution limit of the material, brittle hydrides will be formed and hydrogen embrittlement will occur.
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