Classification of titanium alloys by use in shipbuilding, metallurgy and civil applications

Titanium alloys can be divided into structural titanium alloys, heat-resistant titanium alloys, corrosion-resistant alloys, low-temperature alloys, and special functional alloys (memory alloys, superconducting alloys, hydrogen storage alloys), etc. according to their uses.

1. Structural titanium alloy

Low-strength titanium alloys are mainly used for corrosion-resistant titanium alloys. Other titanium alloys are used for structural parts called structural alloys. In practical applications, structural titanium alloys are divided into normal-strength titanium alloys, medium-strength titanium alloys, and high-strength titanium alloys alloy. Ordinary-strength titanium alloy: Because of its good processing and formability and weldability, it is mostly used to manufacture various aviation sheet parts, hydraulic pipes, bicycles and other civilian products. Medium-strength titanium alloy: The typical alloy is TC4, which is mostly used in high-tech industries such as aerospace and rocket launches. High-strength titanium alloy: generally used to replace the high-degree structural steel commonly used in aircraft structures.

2. Heat-resistant titanium alloy

Refers to a titanium alloy suitable for long-term work at higher temperatures. It has a high instantaneous enduring strength in the entire working temperature range, good plasticity at room temperature, good creep resistance and good thermal stability, and fatigue resistance at room temperature and high temperature. It is mostly used to manufacture the disks, blades, air intake receivers and structural parts of aircraft parts.

3. Corrosion-resistant titanium alloy

Refers to suitable for the application of titanium alloys in strongly corrosive media. Corrosion-resistant titanium alloys are mainly low-strength alloys, such as titanium-molybdenum, titanium targets, titanium-molybdenum targets, titanium-nickel, titanium-tantalum and other alloys.

4. Low-temperature titanium alloy

It refers to α and α-β titanium alloys suitable for low-temperature use. The strength of this type of titanium alloy increases with the decrease of temperature, and the toughness rarely decreases with the decrease of temperature. It can be used as low-temperature structural parts. It has been widely used in shipbuilding, chemical industry, metallurgy, medical treatment, etc.

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Market application prospects of titanium materials such as titanium forgings, titanium tubes, etc.

Titanium alloy materials such as titanium forgings and titanium tubes have high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, and satisfactory overall performance and processing performance, making them very dynamic structural materials in the military and civilian fields after the 1950s. In the field of aerospace, titanium alloy materials are mainly used as structural parts of aircraft engines: compressor discs, blades, drums, wind deflectors, compressor casings, high-pressure compressor rotors, shafts, aircraft landing gear, bulkheads, Shell, skin, etc. In civilian use, golf heads, artificial joints, civilian bicycles, various titanium containers (pressure vessels, chemical, electroplating baths), etc. have also entered people's lives. The market application prospects of titanium alloy materials such as titanium forgings and titanium tubes can be subdivided into:

1. Technology:

Forming and powder metallurgy technology, corrosion-resistant titanium alloy, high-temperature titanium alloy, high-strength and high-toughness titanium alloy, new processing technology, new technology, coating technology, sponge titanium preparation technology, functional and medical titanium alloy, titanium-based composite material, titanium welding Technology etc.;

2. Equipment category:

Mineral processing equipment, metallurgical equipment, smelting equipment, casting equipment, welding equipment, processing equipment, heat treatment equipment, special processing and forming equipment, instrumentation, etc.;

3. Basic category:

Titanium ore, titanium sponge, titanium powder, plates, bars, wires, cakes, rings, pipes, strips, foils, capillaries, various alloys, etc.;

4. Application category:

①Reactors, autoclaves, heat exchangers, evaporators, filters, condensers, radiators, reaction towers, fractionation towers, regeneration towers, rectification towers, washing towers, pipe pump valves, standards used in the petrochemical industry Pieces and other titanium products;

② Titanium products such as compressor plates, high-pressure vessels, blades, casings, brackets, landing gears, ducts, doors, and tie rods used in the aerospace industry;

③Sports and leisure products and crafts: golf heads, bicycles, model airplanes, rackets, climbing equipment, glasses, watches, jewelry, tableware, etc.;

④Various titanium alloy pipe pump valves, evaporation tanks, heat exchangers, circulation tanks, etc. used in the salt industry;

⑤Titanium products such as condensers, condensers, tube sheets, cold oil pipes, turbine blades in the power industry;

⑥ Titanium materials used in the shipbuilding industry to manufacture pressure hulls, structural parts, buoyancy spheres, propellers, propulsion shafts, pipe pump valves, etc.;

⑦Titanium teeth, heart valves, diaphragms, stents, bone joints and fixation screws, titanium bones, titanium surgical instruments and other medical titanium products used in the medical industry;

⑧ Various titanium alloy decorative materials used for high-level decoration in the construction industry;

⑨ Titanium products used in metallurgy, electromechanics, weapons, automobiles, and textile industries.

5. Scientific publications, titanium technology reference books, etc.

With the continuous expansion of the scope of application of titanium alloy materials and the increasing usage, it will surely promote the new progress of the titanium industry and bring about the era of titanium alloys in the development of new materials and industrial production applications.

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Introduction of titanium and titanium alloy powder

At present, my country's economy maintains rapid and healthy development, which provides a good market environment for the development of the domestic titanium industry. The rapid development of domestic titanium for the chemical industry, titanium for electric power, titanium for marine development, titanium for the automobile industry, titanium for biological engineering, etc., especially China’s newly launched large aircraft plan has greatly stimulated the demand for titanium in the domestic market. Both have become the main driving force for the development of the domestic titanium industry. This is not only a huge development opportunity for domestic titanium alloy manufacturers but also a severe challenge to the domestic titanium alloy industry. This requires titanium alloy companies to improve the technical content of their products, optimize the industrial structure, and improve their management level. It is believed that after several years of catching up, China's titanium industry can play an increasingly important role in the global titanium industry.

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What is the main purpose of titanium alloy?

In recent years, the standardized production of titanium tubes has appeared in our market, which is also an innovation in product application, greatly increasing its service life and enhancing the application of titanium. The titanium alloy elbows produced by this process have a uniform wall thickness, which introduces the production and development of market product accessories standards, as well as market production and standardization.

Corrosion of titanium pipes is a serious destructive factor in current industrial development. According to relevant media reports, the annual loss of steel due to corrosion is more than 10,000 tons, and the transportation of flammable, explosive, damaging, and corrosive media has dangerous factors. Therefore, the higher the requirements for titanium alloy pipe fittings.

Titanium has the advantages of high strength, lightweight, good heat transfer performance, corrosion resistance, etc., and has been widely used in the chemical industry. These characteristics of titanium make it a relatively economical method to solve chemical engineering problems. Although the investment cost of titanium is higher than that of general performance materials, titanium has been widely used in the chemical industry. According to life cycle analysis, it can be used Reduce maintenance, shorten downtime, increase product quality and increase product life to reduce production costs.

At present, titanium tubes have been widely used in chemical, petroleum, petrochemical, vacuum salt production, preparations, ocean engineering, electric power and other industries. Titanium is widely used in corrosive media due to its good corrosion resistance, such as ion-exchange membrane caustic soda, propylene oxide, etc. Titanium materials have been widely used in equipment and pipelines, and product media are also used in formic acid and methane. Chloride and other projects to solve the problem of pipeline corrosion.

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What is the difference between titanium alloy, aluminum alloy and magnesium alloy? Which is the best?

Ti-50%Ni (atomic fraction) alloy has the ability to restore the original shape under certain temperature conditions, so it is called titanium shape memory alloy.

NbTi alloy, when the temperature drops to close to zero, the conductor made of NbTi alloy will lose resistance, so that any large current will pass, the conductor will not heat up, and will not generate energy consumption, so NbTi alloy is called superconducting material.

Ti-50%Fe (atomic fraction) alloy has the ability to absorb a large amount of hydrogen. Using this feature of ferrotitanium alloy, hydrogen can be stored safely, that is, without using steel high-pressure cylinders to store hydrogen. Under certain conditions, the titanium-iron alloy can also release hydrogen, so it is called hydrogen storage material.

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Titanium and titanium alloy pipe installation technology introduction

Generally speaking, titanium tube is the preferred metal material for heating equipment of nitric acid solution. Baoji titanium pipe has better corrosion resistance in oxidizing media (such as nitric acid, chromic acid, hypochlorous acid and perchloric acid, etc.). In reducing acids, the addition of heavy metal salts can play a significant role in corrosion inhibition. The corrosion resistance of titanium palladium alloy and titanium nickel molybdenum alloy is much higher than that of industrial pure titanium.

In reducing acid (such as dilute sulfuric acid solution, hydrochloric acid solution, etc.), due to the destruction of the passivation of the oxide film, the corrosion rate is relatively fast, and it increases with the increase of temperature and concentration. The titanium heat exchanger is subjected to 60% nitric acid at about 193°C, and no corrosion has been found after many years of use. In the boiling 40% and 68% nitric acid, there was some corrosion at the beginning. After a short time, the passiveness of titanium recovered and the corrosion rate was significantly reduced. It may be related to the corrosion inhibition effect of titanium ions.

If the temperature is so high that the solution boils, the sulfuric acid temperature will still corrode even if it drops to 0.5%. When nitrogen is introduced into the sulfuric acid solution at the same temperature, the corrosion rate of titanium is significantly higher than that of air. This corrosion law is basically the same in other reducing inorganic acids. In the sulfuric acid with air at room temperature, industrial pure titanium can only withstand sulfuric acid solutions below 5%; if the temperature drops to about 0°C, the sulfuric acid concentration can be increased to 20%.

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What industry uses titanium plates, titanium rods and other raw materials?

Titanium is pure metal. Because of the "pureness" of titanium metal, when a substance comes in contact with it, there will be no chemical reaction. In other words, because of the high corrosion resistance and stability of titanium, it will not affect its essence after long-term contact with people, so it will not cause human allergies. It is the only one that has no effect on human autonomic nerves and taste. Metals are called "biophilic metals".

The biggest disadvantage of titanium is that it is difficult to extract. This is mainly because titanium can combine with oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and many other elements at high temperatures. Therefore, people once regarded titanium as a "rare metal". In fact, the content of titanium accounts for about 6‰ of the weight of the earth's crust, which is more than 10 times more than the sum of copper, tin, manganese and zinc.

Material characteristics: very high strength, excellent corrosion resistance in weight ratio, difficult to cold work, good weldability, about 40% lighter than steel, 60% heavier than aluminum, low conductivity, low thermal expansion, high melting point.

Typical applications: golf clubs, tennis rackets, portable computers, cameras, suitcases, surgical implants, aircraft skeletons, chemical appliances and marine equipment, etc. In addition, titanium is also used as a white pigment for paper, painting, and plastic.

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Titanium alloy piping system has been successfully applied in China's ship-to-sea pipeline

Driven by the country's vigorous support of the marine economy and efforts to build a maritime power, China's marine engineering field has developed steadily, and the scale of marine engineering investment and output value has continued to rise. Titanium, with its lightweight, high strength, and seawater corrosion resistance, is an important structural material in the fields of offshore oil and gas development and seawater resource utilization. It is widely used in marine engineering construction and equipment structural parts. The demand for titanium alloys will continue to increase.

After more than half a century of development, China's titanium alloy industry has accumulated a wealth of production experience. However, the problems left over from the industry's history are prominent, and the structural overcapacity is serious. The supply of high-end titanium alloys cannot meet the increasing demand. At present, the profit margin of the high-end market is emerging. At the same time, with the adjustment of China's national economic structure, the high-end chemical industry, aerospace, marine engineering, medical and pharmaceutical industries have achieved rapid development. The high-end titanium alloy market has shown its own advantages and potential. They have worked hard to gain a place in the high-end field and promote the overall development of the titanium alloy industry. In response to the domestic "independent and controllable" requirement, domestic titanium alloy processing enterprises are ushering in historical opportunities, especially for domestic high-end titanium alloy processing enterprises. I believe that with the correct orientation of national policies and the joint efforts of enterprises, the domestic titanium alloy industry will continue Bigger and stronger.

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Titanium materials can be used in the aerospace industry

High-quality aviation forgings mainly include aero-engine fan and compressor system discs, receivers, integral blisks, disc shafts, blade forgings, and aircraft structure frames, beams, joints, landing gear forgings, etc. With the technological progress in the design of aero engines and aircraft structures, the development of aerospace forgings in the direction of large-scale, integrated, and precise, has promoted the development and technological progress of forging equipment and its supporting equipment. In order to meet the forging needs of high-quality precision aerospace forgings and difficult-to-deform materials, new process technologies such as isothermal forging, hot die forging, and segmented forging have been developed, as well as corresponding die design and manufacturing and quality control technologies.

In the aviation system, the die forging equipment used for the production of large titanium alloy forgings, apart from the 80-100 MN hydraulic press in the specialized forging plant, in recent years, Shaanxi Hongyuan has equipped a 200MN isothermal forging press and a 200MN clutch-type electric screw press. Among them, the 200MN isothermal forging press has a "constant strain rate" control function and dual worktables. The worktable size is 6000mm×4000mm, and the maximum clearance is 3600mm. The slider speed can be controlled at 0.005～0.5mm/s during isothermal forging. The slider speed can be controlled at 0.5-10mm/s during die forging; the 200MN electric screw press has made great progress in precision, digitization, and intelligence. The maximum striking capacity reaches 360MN, and the dimensional control accuracy reaches ±0.6mm, which is controllable. The deformation speed is 0.2～0.5m/s, which can realize automatic temperature control of the mold. Guizhou Angola was equipped with a 250MN isothermal forging + die forging press in 2017, which can be used for isothermal forging production of large forgings of difficult-to-deform materials. At the same time, Guizhou Anda has several series of ring parts production lines, which can realize the precision rolling of complex and special-shaped cross-section rings of difficult-to-deform materials such as titanium alloy and high-temperature alloy.

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Application of titanium in transplantation

1. Basic industry. Electric power industry generators, motors, power transmission and transformation equipment, etc. all require large amounts of copper, aluminum and titanium alloys. The pure titanium rods produced by titanium rod manufacturers are often used in the manufacturing of trains, automobiles, ships, airplanes and other transportation tools in the transportation industry. A large amount of copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, magnesium and their alloys are required. Various alloy steels, high-temperature alloys, precision alloys, etc. in the iron and steel industry all contain nickel, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, vanadium, niobium, rare earth metals, etc. The deoxidizer for steelmaking also requires aluminum or magnesium. The machining of titanium rods is inseparable from cemented carbide tools. Instrumentation, control equipment, electronic components, etc. consume a large amount of titanium and titanium alloy processing materials, silicon materials, elastic materials, and precious metal contact materials. In the communication industry, a large number of titanium rods such as copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, tin, gold, and silver are used in communication equipment, cables, and wires. In the electronics industry, copper, aluminum, tin, gold, silver, platinum group metals, and high-purity silicon, germanium, gallium, indium, arsenic, beryllium, tantalum, and niobium are the main materials. Microelectronics technology based on integrated circuits mainly relies on semiconductor materials. In the petroleum, chemical, glass, ceramic, leather, textile and other industries, rare earth metals have been widely used.

2. National defense industry and high-tech industry. From conventional weapons such as guns, artillery, aircraft, and ships, to advanced weapons such as atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, missiles, and rockets; electronic computers, large-scale integrated circuits, nuclear power plants, high-energy radio waves, superconducting technology, aerospace, artificial intelligence technology, biological engineering, etc. High and new technology needs titanium and titanium alloys, and the requirements and demands are getting higher and higher.

3. Titanium rods and titanium alloys are important components of modern materials among the three pillars of contemporary civilization, energy, information technology, and materials. They have a very close relationship with energy and information technology. They are the national economy, people’s daily life, and defense industry. Basic materials and important strategic materials are indispensable for the development of science and technology. Agriculture, civilian industries, basic industries, defense industries, and high-tech industries are all inseparable from titanium and titanium alloys.

4. Agriculture. Pesticides, agricultural rare earth trace fertilizers, agricultural tractors, diesel engines, drainage and irrigation equipment, etc. consume a large amount of titanium rods and their compounds or alloys in their preparation or manufacturing.

5. Civil industry. Toothpaste cans, door locks, keys, cooking utensils, lights, bicycles, household appliances, air conditioners in a large number of people’s daily lives, and cans and flexible packaging that have developed rapidly in recent years require titanium and titanium alloys. The demand is rising sharply.

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Biomedical titanium is a new carrier material with high economic value

Titanium powder generally includes three aspects, namely purity, particle size and particle shape. The purity of titanium powder is related to its particle size. For products of the same specification, the smaller the particle size, the lower the purity. Titanium powder size is divided into 4 levels, the size of 1000-50pm is a coarse powder, 50-10pm is a fine powder, 10-0.5pm is a fine powder, and less than 0.5pm is ultrafine powder. In grades. Except for special purpose requirements, they are generally classified by oxygen content, that is, the lower the oxygen content, the better the quality and the higher the grade. Those with oxygen content less than 0.15% are high-quality titanium powder.

Physical properties: Titanium powder is a dark gray amorphous powder, boiling point ≤ 3000 ℃, melting point 1668 ℃ ± 2 ℃, insoluble in water and organic solvents at room temperature. It is a non-magnetic metal and will not be magnetized in a large magnetic field. It is non-toxic and tasteless. It has good compatibility with human tissues and blood.

Chemical properties: It does not react with water, dilute sulfuric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid and nitric acid at room temperature, but can be corroded by hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, and molten alkali. Titanium can be dissolved in hot hydrochloric acid and hot sulfuric acid, as well as hydrofluoric acid. Or in a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid (sulfuric acid). Titanium powder will increase the content of N, H, O, and C in the atmosphere. Mixing with strong oxides can cause an explosion.

Titanium powder has good corrosion resistance and is mostly used in the aerospace industry, chemical corrosion-resistant materials, electric vacuum materials, alloy additives, etc. Titanium powder refers to titanium metal powder with a size less than 1mm and irregular shape, usually black-gray. Its performance combines the characteristics of the metal titanium block and the commonality of the powder. Titanium powder has a large surface free energy. Therefore, it is more active than metal titanium blocks, and it is easier to react with other elements or compounds, and oxidize, burn, and explode. It is a dangerous product. Its purity and performance largely depend on the preparation method and its process conditions.

There are four main methods for industrial production of titanium and titanium alloy powder:

(1) Hydrodehydrogenation method. Titanium powder and its alloy powder with good quality and fine particle size can be obtained through the hydrogenation dehydrogenation process, but the batch is small and the price is more expensive. Now, this method is more commonly used.

(2) Metal reduction method. This kind of powder has a large output, low price, good plasticity, suitable for cold forming. It is the main raw material for the production of general corrosion-resistant products. Because it contains high sodium and chloride ions, it is easy to contaminate equipment and deteriorate the welding performance of the material during sintering.

(3) Centrifugal atomization method. The US Nuclear Metals Corporation first adopted electricity in the 1960s.

(4) Electrolysis method. The purity is higher than that of sodium-reduced titanium sponge powder, but the formability of electrolytic titanium powder is worse than that of titanium sponge wire powder.

Titanium powder and titanium alloy powder are usually light gray, and darken as the particle size becomes smaller. The coarse powder has a metallic luster, the fine powder is gray, and superfine powder is black. Titanium dihydride powder is generally grayish brown and darker in color than titanium powder. Outer titanium powder is mainly used as a grain refiner for cast aluminum and a deflagration agent for fireworks and fireworks. Grade titanium powder has different uses according to different purity and particle size. It is mainly used as a raw material for powder metallurgy to prepare titanium or titanium-containing alloys. Other applications are as electric vacuum getters, raw materials for solid mercury sources in electric vacuum, and surface coating materials.

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The history of commercial production of titanium glasses products

1. Use component insulation impregnating varnishes, such as epoxy resin or polyurethane impregnating varnish. No volatile acid was found in the selected coating. Solvent-free paint is used for vibrating machinery.

2. Micro screw manufacturers introduced that when using melamine alkyd paint, properly adjust the fixed-line temperature and fixed-line time, the fixed-line temperature is slightly higher than 130 degrees, and the fixed-line time is greater than 180 minutes. It is necessary to strictly implement the process. Especially in the hot and humid season, from the perspective of rust, the regular drying time of the paint factory is uncertain. They all have a specific internal shape.

3. The surface corrosion treatment of the titanium screw refers to the appearance of the metal with the maintenance layer applied by various methods. Its function is to isolate the metal from the corrosive environment to inhibit the corrosion process or reduce the contact between the corrosive medium and the metal surface, so as to achieve the purpose of preventing or slowing down corrosion.

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Improve the microstructure and preparation process of titanium alloy to improve mechanical properties

In order to obtain titanium pipe castings with good repair welding quality, the following points should be noted in the repair welding process:

1. The surface of the castings for repair welding must be cleaned and dried. The castings are not allowed to be touched directly before being put into the welding box. In the repair welding process of titanium pipe, it is strictly prevented that the tungsten electrode and the repair welding parts are short-circuited, which will cause the tungsten electrode to break and cause tungsten inclusions in the solder joint.

2. When the area and depth of the repair welding area are relatively large, it should be divided into multiple remote layer welding, and the welding of the next layer can only be carried out after the previous layer of welding layer is completely cooled. Prevent casting deformation.

3. At the end of repair welding, the current should be gradually reduced to reduce the melting zone. Therefore, it is recommended to use pulse current to prevent sharp arc interruption and cracks.

4. After repair welding, the casting should be allowed to cool in the box for a period of time before removing the casting to prevent cracks or deformation in the welding area of ​​the casting caused by rapid cooling; the length of cooling time depends on the casting, after repair welding of titanium pipe castings, Timely annealing or hot isostatic pressing should not be left for too long, usually no more than 5 days.

6. The number of repair welding shall not exceed the provisions of the relevant technical documents.

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